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• Ligne n°3 : Online social movement


• Ligne n°3 : Online social movement


• Ligne n°8 : Online social movements are organised efforts to push for a particular


• Ligne n°8 : Online social movements are organised efforts to push for a particular
Ligne n°9 : goal^[1] through the use of new communications and information ...

Ligne n°9 : ... goal^[1] through the use of new communications and information
• Ligne n°10 : technologies, such as the Internet.^[2] In many cases, these movements
Ligne n°11 : seek to counter the mainstream public, claiming there is a wrong that ...

Ligne n°11 : ... seek to counter the mainstream public, claiming there is a wrong that
• Ligne n°12 : should be righted.^[3] Online social movements have focused on a broad


• Ligne n°12 : should be righted.^[3] Online social movements have focused on a broad
Ligne n°13 : range on social and political issues in countries all around the world. ...

Ligne n°12 : ... should be righted.^[3] Online social movements have focused on a broad
• Ligne n°13 : range on social and political issues in countries all around the world.


• Ligne n°15 : While the first social movements occurred through protests and civil


• Ligne n°15 : While the first social movements occurred through protests and civil
Ligne n°16 : disobedience, the rise of the internet ushered in numerous online ...

Ligne n°16 : ... disobedience, the rise of the internet ushered in numerous online
• Ligne n°17 : social movements, beginning in the late 20th century. Since then,


• Ligne n°17 : social movements, beginning in the late 20th century. Since then,
Ligne n°18 : online social movements gained momentum into the early 21st century and ...

Ligne n°17 : ... social movements, beginning in the late 20th century. Since then,
• Ligne n°18 : online social movements gained momentum into the early 21st century and


• Ligne n°18 : online social movements gained momentum into the early 21st century and
Ligne n°19 : are now one of the most prevalent forms of social movement.^[4] The ...

Ligne n°18 : ... online social movements gained momentum into the early 21st century and
• Ligne n°19 : are now one of the most prevalent forms of social movement.^[4] The


• Ligne n°19 : are now one of the most prevalent forms of social movement.^[4] The
Ligne n°20 : organizational structures and strategies behind social movements have ...

Ligne n°19 : ... are now one of the most prevalent forms of social movement.^[4] The
• Ligne n°20 : organizational structures and strategies behind social movements have


• Ligne n°20 : organizational structures and strategies behind social movements have
Ligne n°21 : changed as a result of the online world. Online communities on social ...

Ligne n°20 : ... organizational structures and strategies behind social movements have
• Ligne n°21 : changed as a result of the online world. Online communities on social
Ligne n°22 : media build off social movements, enabling the connection of persons ...

Ligne n°21 : ... changed as a result of the online world. Online communities on social
• Ligne n°22 : media build off social movements, enabling the connection of persons


• Ligne n°22 : media build off social movements, enabling the connection of persons
Ligne n°23 : worldwide to develop a base and gain awareness of issues. The internet ...


• Ligne n°27 : The ubiquity of online social movements has resulted in varying


• Ligne n°27 : The ubiquity of online social movements has resulted in varying
Ligne n°28 : attitudes. Both proponents and critics have raised valid points about ...

Ligne n°28 : ... attitudes. Both proponents and critics have raised valid points about
• Ligne n°29 : the potential and the shortcomings of online social movements, which


• Ligne n°29 : the potential and the shortcomings of online social movements, which
Ligne n°30 : have been increasing evident in the numerous examples around the world. ...

Ligne n°43 : ... + 3.2 Gender, race, and sexuality
• Ligne n°44 : + 3.3 Other movements
Ligne n°45 : * 4 Impacts ...


• Ligne n°54 : The earliest social movements were minimally related to the internet.


• Ligne n°54 : The earliest social movements were minimally related to the internet.
Ligne n°55 : For instance, Charles Tilly recognizes the first social movements in ...

Ligne n°54 : ... The earliest social movements were minimally related to the internet.
• Ligne n°55 : For instance, Charles Tilly recognizes the first social movements in


• Ligne n°55 : For instance, Charles Tilly recognizes the first social movements in
Ligne n°56 : Britain and the US in the 1750s and 1760s, after the 7 Years War. John ...

Ligne n°56 : ... Britain and the US in the 1750s and 1760s, after the 7 Years War. John
• Ligne n°57 : Wilkes led the "Wilkes and Liberty" movement to achieve legal and
Ligne n°58 : parliamentary reform. Across the Atlantic, the Boston merchants and the ...

Ligne n°65 : ... followers about alternative societal rule. Thus, in 1768, members of
• Ligne n°66 : the English lower class began to mobilize underneath Wilkes’ movement
Ligne n°67 : against the sovereignty of the ruling class.^[6] On May 10, 1768, ...

Ligne n°70 : ... event sparked speculation about where sovereignty lies. The rise of the
• Ligne n°71 : Wilkes movement marked the beginning of a new phase in British politics
Ligne n°72 : where the notion of popular sovereignty became dominant.^[6] Wilkes and ...

Ligne n°73 : ... his followers consistently challenged the leading authority through
• Ligne n°74 : actions taken outside of parliament and on the basis of contesting
Ligne n°75 : laws. They created something that was so new that it laid the ...

Ligne n°75 : ... laws. They created something that was so new that it laid the
• Ligne n°76 : groundwork for political struggles to come: social movements.^[7]


• Ligne n°76 : groundwork for political struggles to come: social movements.^[7]


• Ligne n°78 : These situations, while different in nature from social movements we


• Ligne n°78 : These situations, while different in nature from social movements we
Ligne n°79 : experience today, started the idea of mass-gathering to contest an ...

Ligne n°79 : ... experience today, started the idea of mass-gathering to contest an
• Ligne n°80 : issue. Modern examples of social movements include the Movement of the


• Ligne n°80 : issue. Modern examples of social movements include the Movement of the


• Ligne n°80 : issue. Modern examples of social movements include the Movement of the
Ligne n°81 : Unemployed in the 1930s, the Free Speech and Civil Rights Movements in ...

Ligne n°80 : ... issue. Modern examples of social movements include the Movement of the
• Ligne n°81 : Unemployed in the 1930s, the Free Speech and Civil Rights Movements in
Ligne n°82 : the 1960s, the lower-profile 1990s movements and the many digital ...

Ligne n°81 : ... Unemployed in the 1930s, the Free Speech and Civil Rights Movements in
• Ligne n°82 : the 1960s, the lower-profile 1990s movements and the many digital
Ligne n°83 : movements in the 21st century.^[5] ...

Ligne n°82 : ... the 1960s, the lower-profile 1990s movements and the many digital
• Ligne n°83 : movements in the 21st century.^[5]
Ligne n°84 : Equifax played a part in the development of online social movements in ...

Ligne n°83 : ... movements in the 21st century.^[5]
• Ligne n°84 : Equifax played a part in the development of online social movements in


• Ligne n°84 : Equifax played a part in the development of online social movements in
Ligne n°85 : its early stages. ...


• Ligne n°87 : Social movements have evolved to a more widespread and integral state


• Ligne n°87 : Social movements have evolved to a more widespread and integral state
Ligne n°88 : than ever before, in part due to social movements presence on social ...

Ligne n°87 : ... Social movements have evolved to a more widespread and integral state
• Ligne n°88 : than ever before, in part due to social movements presence on social


• Ligne n°88 : than ever before, in part due to social movements presence on social


• Ligne n°88 : than ever before, in part due to social movements presence on social
Ligne n°89 : media. The earliest online social movements began right after the ...

Ligne n°88 : ... than ever before, in part due to social movements presence on social
• Ligne n°89 : media. The earliest online social movements began right after the


• Ligne n°89 : media. The earliest online social movements began right after the
Ligne n°90 : Internet revolution. While the Arab Springs are commonly associated ...

Ligne n°90 : ... Internet revolution. While the Arab Springs are commonly associated
• Ligne n°91 : with the earliest online movements, in reality, social movements began


• Ligne n°91 : with the earliest online movements, in reality, social movements began


• Ligne n°91 : with the earliest online movements, in reality, social movements began
Ligne n°92 : through email. In 1990, software company Lotus and credit bureau ...

Ligne n°98 : ... Since the late 2000s, there has been an increasing use of commercial
• Ligne n°99 : social media platforms by social movements. According to Lopes, "Social


• Ligne n°99 : social media platforms by social movements. According to Lopes, "Social


• Ligne n°99 : social media platforms by social movements. According to Lopes, "Social


• Ligne n°99 : social media platforms by social movements. According to Lopes, "Social
Ligne n°100 : Media websites such as Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, and the various ...


• Ligne n°104 : Many people have conflicting views on social media and its
Ligne n°105 : effectiveness when put to the task of activism. The Pew Research Center ...

Ligne n°105 : ... effectiveness when put to the task of activism. The Pew Research Center
• Ligne n°106 : found that some 64% of Americans feel that the statement ‘social media
Ligne n°107 : help give a voice to underrepresented groups’ describes these sites ...

Ligne n°107 : ... help give a voice to underrepresented groups’ describes these sites
• Ligne n°108 : very or somewhat well. But a larger share, 77%, say social networking
Ligne n°109 : sites distract people from issues that are truly important, and 71% ...

Ligne n°109 : ... sites distract people from issues that are truly important, and 71%
• Ligne n°110 : agree with the assertion that ‘social media makes people believe
Ligne n°111 : they're making a difference even when they really are not really making ...

Ligne n°111 : ... they're making a difference even when they really are not really making
• Ligne n°112 : change.'^[9] The debate on whether social media has added or retracted
Ligne n°113 : to the function of social movements as compared to historical ...

Ligne n°112 : ... change.'^[9] The debate on whether social media has added or retracted
• Ligne n°113 : to the function of social movements as compared to historical


• Ligne n°113 : to the function of social movements as compared to historical
Ligne n°114 : precedence remains at the forefront of modern discussions on these ...


• Ligne n°117 : In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic forced social movements to reinvent


• Ligne n°117 : In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic forced social movements to reinvent
Ligne n°118 : their protest strategies. Strict social distancing measures prevented ...

Ligne n°117 : ... In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic forced social movements to reinvent
• Ligne n°118 : their protest strategies. Strict social distancing measures prevented
Ligne n°119 : traditional physical demonstrations in several countries, such as ...

Ligne n°120 : ... Italy, or limited the number of people that could gather, as in France
• Ligne n°121 : and Germany.^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13] Many movements were forced to campaign
Ligne n°122 : online. Moreover, with the concept of people-less protests, first ...

Ligne n°128 : ... The use of the Internet in attempts to change society can be understood
• Ligne n°129 : through different mechanisms, which have redefined traditional social
Ligne n°130 : movements. The Internet can be utilized through emails and social ...

Ligne n°129 : ... through different mechanisms, which have redefined traditional social
• Ligne n°130 : movements. The Internet can be utilized through emails and social


• Ligne n°130 : movements. The Internet can be utilized through emails and social
Ligne n°131 : media, as well as online forums and petition platforms, which is unique ...

Ligne n°131 : ... media, as well as online forums and petition platforms, which is unique
• Ligne n°132 : in the context of traditional social movements.


• Ligne n°132 : in the context of traditional social movements.


• Ligne n°136 : The Internet has supported the spread of information about movements
Ligne n°137 : through rapid dissemination so that there is greater traction and more ...

Ligne n°136 : ... The Internet has supported the spread of information about movements
• Ligne n°137 : through rapid dissemination so that there is greater traction and more
Ligne n°138 : individuals are exposed to the cause.^[15] The communication costs of ...

Ligne n°138 : ... individuals are exposed to the cause.^[15] The communication costs of
• Ligne n°139 : the social movement also decline, allowing for cheaper and better


• Ligne n°139 : the social movement also decline, allowing for cheaper and better
Ligne n°140 : communication with audiences. In addition, the Internet serves as a ...

Ligne n°142 : ... Improved communication becomes important in creating rational
• Ligne n°143 : understanding of social injustices and inequalities, which are
Ligne n°144 : typically critical to driving social movements.^[16] ...

Ligne n°143 : ... understanding of social injustices and inequalities, which are
• Ligne n°144 : typically critical to driving social movements.^[16]


• Ligne n°144 : typically critical to driving social movements.^[16]

Ligne n°149 : ... collective understandings that encourages wider participation in
• Ligne n°150 : movements. Physical constraints, such as geography and resources, can
Ligne n°151 : be overcome through online organizing.^[3] Social networks have ...

Ligne n°150 : ... movements. Physical constraints, such as geography and resources, can
• Ligne n°151 : be overcome through online organizing.^[3] Social networks have


• Ligne n°151 : be overcome through online organizing.^[3] Social networks have
Ligne n°152 : assembled individuals of different backgrounds to create social ...

Ligne n°151 : ... be overcome through online organizing.^[3] Social networks have
• Ligne n°152 : assembled individuals of different backgrounds to create social
Ligne n°153 : movements that are widespread and global. Collective identity can be ...

Ligne n°152 : ... assembled individuals of different backgrounds to create social
• Ligne n°153 : movements that are widespread and global. Collective identity can be
Ligne n°154 : emphasized through this gathering of geographically disparate people ...

Ligne n°157 : ... organizing protests all around the world, with nearly 100,000 different
• Ligne n°158 : hashtags related to the movement.^[18] There is also potential for
Ligne n°159 : cross-movement influence, where the Occupy Movement that begun in the ...

Ligne n°158 : ... hashtags related to the movement.^[18] There is also potential for
• Ligne n°159 : cross-movement influence, where the Occupy Movement that begun in the


• Ligne n°159 : cross-movement influence, where the Occupy Movement that begun in the
Ligne n°160 : United States enabled the sharing of ideas with the Occupy Gezi ...


• Ligne n°165 : The presence of the Internet supports the coordination of movements and
Ligne n°166 : the recruitment of resources. Grievances and public awareness alone are ...

Ligne n°166 : ... the recruitment of resources. Grievances and public awareness alone are
• Ligne n°167 : insufficient in driving social movements, but in addition require


• Ligne n°167 : insufficient in driving social movements, but in addition require
Ligne n°168 : extensive coordination and resources.^[19] The online world also helps ...

Ligne n°170 : ... opinions and engaging in forums, signing online petitions and
• Ligne n°171 : participating in decision-making processes. To an extent, movements are
Ligne n°172 : able to establish legitimacy through content distributed through the ...

Ligne n°184 : ... budgets.^[17] This strategy can also free up resources to supplement
• Ligne n°185 : online movements with in person organization, making goals for
Ligne n°186 : expansion more tangible. ...


• Ligne n°190 : See also: List of social movements


• Ligne n°190 : See also: List of social movements


• Ligne n°192 : Online social movements advance their work primarily through media,


• Ligne n°192 : Online social movements advance their work primarily through media,
Ligne n°193 : traditional or digital. It is easier, less costly as well as less ...

Ligne n°194 : ... time-consuming to link collective behavior as real-time communication
• Ligne n°195 : can occur vastly and simultaneously via social media.^[20] These
Ligne n°196 : movements exist in a range of different locales covering a wide breadth ...

Ligne n°195 : ... can occur vastly and simultaneously via social media.^[20] These
• Ligne n°196 : movements exist in a range of different locales covering a wide breadth
Ligne n°197 : of topics, and the extent of their eventual offline action varies from ...

Ligne n°196 : ... movements exist in a range of different locales covering a wide breadth
• Ligne n°197 : of topics, and the extent of their eventual offline action varies from
Ligne n°198 : case to case. ...

Ligne n°207 : ... Karroubi, occurred in major cities nationwide from 2009 into early
• Ligne n°208 : 2010. The protests were titled Iranian Green Movement by its
Ligne n°209 : proponents, reflecting Mousavi's campaign theme, and Persian Awakening, ...

Ligne n°236 : ... Syria and Bahrain, where either the regime was toppled or major
• Ligne n°237 : uprisings and social violence occurred, including riots, civil wars or
Ligne n°238 : insurgencies. Sustained street demonstrations took place in Morocco, ...

Ligne n°248 : ... #BlackLivesMatter: Black Lives Matter (BLM) is an international
• Ligne n°249 : activist movement, originating in the African-American community, that
Ligne n°250 : campaigns against violence and systemic racism towards black people. ...

Ligne n°253 : ... brutality, and racial inequality in the United States criminal justice
• Ligne n°254 : system.^[28] In 2013, the movement began with the use of the hashtag
Ligne n°255 : #BlackLivesMatter on social media after the acquittal of George ...

Ligne n°254 : ... system.^[28] In 2013, the movement began with the use of the hashtag
• Ligne n°255 : #BlackLivesMatter on social media after the acquittal of George
Ligne n°256 : Zimmerman in the shooting death of African-American teen Trayvon Martin ...

Ligne n°256 : ... Zimmerman in the shooting death of African-American teen Trayvon Martin
• Ligne n°257 : in February 2012. The movement became nationally recognized for street
Ligne n°258 : demonstrations following the 2014 deaths of two African ...

Ligne n°260 : ... In 2017, actress Alyssa Milano encouraged the use of the hashtag
• Ligne n°261 : Logo for Time's Up Movement
Ligne n°262 : Time's Up movement official logo ...

Ligne n°261 : ... Logo for Time's Up Movement
• Ligne n°262 : Time's Up movement official logo


• Ligne n°264 : #MeToo: The Me Too (or #MeToo) movement, with a large variety of
Ligne n°265 : related local or international names, is a movement against sexual ...

Ligne n°264 : ... #MeToo: The Me Too (or #MeToo) movement, with a large variety of
• Ligne n°265 : related local or international names, is a movement against sexual
Ligne n°266 : harassment and sexual assault.^[31]^[32]^[33] The phrase "Me Too" was ...

Ligne n°266 : ... harassment and sexual assault.^[31]^[32]^[33] The phrase "Me Too" was
• Ligne n°267 : initially used in this context on social media in 2006, on Myspace, by
Ligne n°268 : sexual harassment survivor and activist Tarana Burke.^[34] Similar to ...

Ligne n°268 : ... sexual harassment survivor and activist Tarana Burke.^[34] Similar to
• Ligne n°269 : other social justice and empowerment movements based upon breaking


• Ligne n°269 : other social justice and empowerment movements based upon breaking
Ligne n°270 : silence, the purpose of "Me Too", as initially voiced by Burke as well ...

Ligne n°275 : ... the exposure of the widespread sexual-abuse allegations against Harvey
• Ligne n°276 : Weinstein in early October 2017,^[37]^[38] the movement began to spread
Ligne n°277 : virally as a hashtag on social media.^[36]^[39]^[40] The Time's Up ...

Ligne n°276 : ... Weinstein in early October 2017,^[37]^[38] the movement began to spread
• Ligne n°277 : virally as a hashtag on social media.^[36]^[39]^[40] The Time's Up
Ligne n°278 : movement is in part a supplemental movement to #MeToo focused on taking ...

Ligne n°277 : ... virally as a hashtag on social media.^[36]^[39]^[40] The Time's Up
• Ligne n°278 : movement is in part a supplemental movement to #MeToo focused on taking


• Ligne n°278 : movement is in part a supplemental movement to #MeToo focused on taking
Ligne n°279 : equitable action and organization against inequality and sexual ...

Ligne n°278 : ... movement is in part a supplemental movement to #MeToo focused on taking
• Ligne n°279 : equitable action and organization against inequality and sexual
Ligne n°280 : harassment in professional settings.^[41]^[42] The movement was created ...

Ligne n°279 : ... equitable action and organization against inequality and sexual
• Ligne n°280 : harassment in professional settings.^[41]^[42] The movement was created
Ligne n°281 : in 2018 and consists of more than 300 prominent women in Hollywood, ...

Ligne n°283 : ... to lobby and get protective laws passed.^[43] Time's Up is an example
• Ligne n°284 : of how online movements can become a segway into more goal-oriented,
Ligne n°285 : action-forward work. ...

Ligne n°284 : ... of how online movements can become a segway into more goal-oriented,
• Ligne n°285 : action-forward work.


• Ligne n°287 : Other movements[edit]


• Ligne n°308 : The impact of online movements has seen a lot of growth since the
Ligne n°309 : introduction of the internet. With the accessible medium of social ...

Ligne n°308 : ... The impact of online movements has seen a lot of growth since the
• Ligne n°309 : introduction of the internet. With the accessible medium of social
Ligne n°310 : media, internet activism has reached the forefront of the internet. ...

Ligne n°310 : ... media, internet activism has reached the forefront of the internet.
• Ligne n°311 : Through the use of social networking sites such as Facebook and
Ligne n°312 : content-sharing sites as YouTube, the opportunity for wide-scale, ...

Ligne n°312 : ... content-sharing sites as YouTube, the opportunity for wide-scale,
• Ligne n°313 : online social participation has increased.^[60]


• Ligne n°317 : Online social movements have been celebrated for their ability to amass


• Ligne n°317 : Online social movements have been celebrated for their ability to amass
Ligne n°318 : large amounts of success. The online world provides the power to ...

Ligne n°321 : ... This can be understood as New Power, which supports informal leadership
• Ligne n°322 : and radical transparency, conducive for large amounts of participation
Ligne n°323 : by people on social media.^[62] Previously, the dominant form of old ...

Ligne n°322 : ... and radical transparency, conducive for large amounts of participation
• Ligne n°323 : by people on social media.^[62] Previously, the dominant form of old
Ligne n°324 : power limited participation in movements and leadership to a small ...

Ligne n°323 : ... by people on social media.^[62] Previously, the dominant form of old
• Ligne n°324 : power limited participation in movements and leadership to a small
Ligne n°325 : group.^[62] Rapid mobilization helps people overcome pluralistic ...

Ligne n°328 : ... otherwise preferences to each other in order to discover common
• Ligne n°329 : ground.^[63] The increased visibility of a movement on the internet
Ligne n°330 : supports a sense of camaraderie, setting and maintaining a cause, even ...

Ligne n°330 : ... supports a sense of camaraderie, setting and maintaining a cause, even
• Ligne n°331 : if it is otherwise decentralized. Social media can overcome pluralistic
Ligne n°332 : ignorance,^[15] which is the belief that your opinions are not shared ...


• Ligne n°343 : Online movements are able to sustain attention across boundaries,
Ligne n°344 : physical and temporal. For instance, during the Egyptian Revolution in ...

Ligne n°346 : ... protests, which would then be acted out upon in real-life. Similarly,
• Ligne n°347 : the Occupy movement was able to gather an online following around the
Ligne n°348 : world through the Tumblr blog, titled “We are the 99%”. The function of ...

Ligne n°349 : ... being able to post on a shared website supported the gathering of
• Ligne n°350 : different narratives, unifying people. In fact, online social movements


• Ligne n°350 : different narratives, unifying people. In fact, online social movements
Ligne n°351 : epitomizes the notion of “many yeses, one no”.^[3] This motto ...

Ligne n°354 : ... since people use these devices to connect with others, rather than to
• Ligne n°355 : isolate themselves. In many ways, social media has created networks


• Ligne n°355 : isolate themselves. In many ways, social media has created networks
Ligne n°356 : conducive for unification across different identities, supporting ...

Ligne n°360 : ... instance, the Zapatistas attempted to emphasize their inclusivity of
• Ligne n°361 : the movement, which had begun as somewhat of a peasants revolt. The
Ligne n°362 : leader of the movement, Marcos, was famously presented in numerous ...

Ligne n°361 : ... the movement, which had begun as somewhat of a peasants revolt. The
• Ligne n°362 : leader of the movement, Marcos, was famously presented in numerous
Ligne n°363 : identities, of different exploited and marginalized minorities who are ...

Ligne n°378 : ... power uncomfortable—this is Marcos.” -Subcommandant Marcos, from
• Ligne n°379 : Social Justice E-Zine #27 ^[66]


• Ligne n°381 : Social media is also able to provide a creative milieu that is
Ligne n°382 : conducive for narrative building. Memes, in particular, have proven to ...

Ligne n°388 : ... commercials are created in order to compete, so that the most effective
• Ligne n°389 : version can succeed, while the others disappear.^[3] In online social
Ligne n°390 : movements, hashtag culture functions by having many people copy each ...

Ligne n°389 : ... version can succeed, while the others disappear.^[3] In online social
• Ligne n°390 : movements, hashtag culture functions by having many people copy each
Ligne n°391 : other and come up with new permutations, allowing for the most ...


• Ligne n°395 : Social media platforms are harder to censor than real-life organization
Ligne n°396 : of movements. Ethan Zuckerman advanced the Cute Cat Theory of Digital ...

Ligne n°395 : ... Social media platforms are harder to censor than real-life organization
• Ligne n°396 : of movements. Ethan Zuckerman advanced the Cute Cat Theory of Digital
Ligne n°397 : Activism, which explains the relative lack of censorship online. ...

Ligne n°399 : ... such as connecting with families and friends and posting pictures of
• Ligne n°400 : cats.^[67] While the affordances that social media provides activists
Ligne n°401 : nurtures a community that engages in political criticism, these ...

Ligne n°404 : ... draconian. For instance, the Twitter ban in Turkey by Prime Minister
• Ligne n°405 : Tayyip Erdogan who intended to “wipe out” the social media platform was
Ligne n°406 : met with furious outrage from the population, experts and the global ...


• Ligne n°413 : There are numerous critiques posed against online social movements that


• Ligne n°413 : There are numerous critiques posed against online social movements that
Ligne n°414 : populate the discourse. ...

Ligne n°416 : ... Most frequently, the limited capacity for tangible change is often
• Ligne n°417 : raised. For social movements to be successful, there need to be network


• Ligne n°417 : raised. For social movements to be successful, there need to be network
Ligne n°418 : internalities, which are durable networks ideal for organised ...

Ligne n°417 : ... raised. For social movements to be successful, there need to be network
• Ligne n°418 : internalities, which are durable networks ideal for organised
Ligne n°419 : action.^[3] These networks are the result of long-term challenges that ...

Ligne n°418 : ... internalities, which are durable networks ideal for organised
• Ligne n°419 : action.^[3] These networks are the result of long-term challenges that


• Ligne n°419 : action.^[3] These networks are the result of long-term challenges that
Ligne n°420 : are collectively overcome, which supports trust building. This process ...

Ligne n°421 : ... requires the investment of time and energy in order for members of a
• Ligne n°422 : social movement to learn how to cooperate to achieve their goals.


• Ligne n°422 : social movement to learn how to cooperate to achieve their goals.
Ligne n°423 : Zeynep Tufekci is known for her theories about social media, ...

Ligne n°422 : ... social movement to learn how to cooperate to achieve their goals.
• Ligne n°423 : Zeynep Tufekci is known for her theories about social media,
Ligne n°424 : technology, politics and culture, in particular her "Mount Everest" ...

Ligne n°427 : ... Zeynep Tufekci introduces the Mount Everest metaphor in her comparison
• Ligne n°428 : of the Civil Rights Movement’s achievements with the Arab Spring’s
Ligne n°429 : relative limited scope of change, especially in Egypt.^[3] Zeynep draws ...

Ligne n°429 : ... relative limited scope of change, especially in Egypt.^[3] Zeynep draws
• Ligne n°430 : a comparison between social media and Sherpas. Previously, climbing
Ligne n°431 : Mount Everest was a challenging task. However, with Sherpas, more ...

Ligne n°434 : ... reality of scaling the mountain, resulting in a spike in deaths.
• Ligne n°435 : Similarly, social media has enabled more social movements to spread and


• Ligne n°435 : Similarly, social media has enabled more social movements to spread and


• Ligne n°435 : Similarly, social media has enabled more social movements to spread and
Ligne n°436 : enter the public sphere. However, there has not been long-term training ...

Ligne n°437 : ... and building of network internalities which is necessary to sustain
• Ligne n°438 : these movements.^[3] The Civil Rights Movement had undergone strenuous


• Ligne n°438 : these movements.^[3] The Civil Rights Movement had undergone strenuous
Ligne n°439 : planning and organisation, which has resulted in leaders who were able ...

Ligne n°440 : ... to represent the cause, such as Martin Luther King. In contrast, online
• Ligne n°441 : social movements tend to be more short-lived. For instance, Kony 2012


• Ligne n°441 : social movements tend to be more short-lived. For instance, Kony 2012
Ligne n°442 : brought attention to child soldiers being forced into Joseph Kony’s ...

Ligne n°445 : ... sheer volume of attention received. The director Jason Russell
• Ligne n°446 : thereafter had a major breakdown and the social movement dissipated,


• Ligne n°446 : thereafter had a major breakdown and the social movement dissipated,
Ligne n°447 : which can be owed to lack of strong organization and network ...

Ligne n°448 : ... internalities.^[71] Related to this is the theory of tactical
• Ligne n°449 : adaptation by Doug McAdam, which can apply to movements with a lack of
Ligne n°450 : strong organizational power and cause opposing forces to easily adapt ...

Ligne n°450 : ... strong organizational power and cause opposing forces to easily adapt
• Ligne n°451 : to tactics employed by social movements.^[72] If mobilizing action on


• Ligne n°451 : to tactics employed by social movements.^[72] If mobilizing action on


• Ligne n°451 : to tactics employed by social movements.^[72] If mobilizing action on
Ligne n°452 : social media is a sole or primary tactic of a social movement and no ...

Ligne n°451 : ... to tactics employed by social movements.^[72] If mobilizing action on
• Ligne n°452 : social media is a sole or primary tactic of a social movement and no


• Ligne n°452 : social media is a sole or primary tactic of a social movement and no


• Ligne n°452 : social media is a sole or primary tactic of a social movement and no
Ligne n°453 : consistent tactical innovation poses a direct threat to government or ...

Ligne n°453 : ... consistent tactical innovation poses a direct threat to government or
• Ligne n°454 : institutions, the movement may have trouble gaining traction long-term.


• Ligne n°454 : institutions, the movement may have trouble gaining traction long-term.

Ligne n°456 : ... There is also the concern of a lack of clear leadership in online
• Ligne n°457 : social movements. This means that there might be a challenge in finding


• Ligne n°457 : social movements. This means that there might be a challenge in finding
Ligne n°458 : representatives to negotiate within the movement and with adversaries. ...

Ligne n°457 : ... social movements. This means that there might be a challenge in finding
• Ligne n°458 : representatives to negotiate within the movement and with adversaries.
Ligne n°459 : These individuals might have little in common beyond the initial ...

Ligne n°459 : ... These individuals might have little in common beyond the initial
• Ligne n°460 : movement. For instance, Tahrir Square protesters could not deviate
Ligne n°461 : tactically from their initial demand, which was to overthrow the Hosni ...

Ligne n°462 : ... Mubarak regime. Hence, there was a tactical freeze, where tactics could
• Ligne n°463 : not be adjusted and new demands were not articulated by the social
Ligne n°464 : movement. Even the creator of “We are All Khaled Said”, the main ...

Ligne n°463 : ... not be adjusted and new demands were not articulated by the social
• Ligne n°464 : movement. Even the creator of “We are All Khaled Said”, the main
Ligne n°465 : Facebook page of the Egyptian Revolution, Wael Ghonim was in no ...

Ligne n°467 : ... an informal one, which denied him legitimacy to engage in
• Ligne n°468 : negotiations.^[3] Similarly, in the Occupy movement, there was an
Ligne n°469 : attempt to empower all protestors to be leaders of the movement. ...

Ligne n°468 : ... negotiations.^[3] Similarly, in the Occupy movement, there was an
• Ligne n°469 : attempt to empower all protestors to be leaders of the movement.
Ligne n°470 : However, as a “leaderful” movement, there was a lack of ability to ...

Ligne n°469 : ... attempt to empower all protestors to be leaders of the movement.
• Ligne n°470 : However, as a “leaderful” movement, there was a lack of ability to
Ligne n°471 : identify a clear representative to negotiate since there were too many ...


• Ligne n°474 : Online social movements, while effective in unifying people, might also


• Ligne n°474 : Online social movements, while effective in unifying people, might also
Ligne n°475 : amplify the tendency to tribalism. In particular, more people having ...

Ligne n°475 : ... amplify the tendency to tribalism. In particular, more people having
• Ligne n°476 : access to social media might democratize the risk of promoting
Ligne n°477 : violence, especially where institutions are not stable and there can be ...

Ligne n°478 : ... large amounts of distrust and disinformation. For instance, while
• Ligne n°479 : social media had helped Sri Lanka ease the path to its first democratic
Ligne n°480 : elections in 2015 after years of civil war, communal hatreds began to ...


• Ligne n°484 : Some critiques, specific to online social media activism, have been
Ligne n°485 : raised about the power mechanisms and organisational structure. This ...

Ligne n°485 : ... raised about the power mechanisms and organisational structure. This
• Ligne n°486 : transition highlighted asymmetrical relationships between the
Ligne n°487 : for-profit aims of social media and the copy-left values that drive ...

Ligne n°486 : ... transition highlighted asymmetrical relationships between the
• Ligne n°487 : for-profit aims of social media and the copy-left values that drive
Ligne n°488 : many online movements. According to Fenton, "Claims for the extension ...

Ligne n°487 : ... for-profit aims of social media and the copy-left values that drive
• Ligne n°488 : many online movements. According to Fenton, "Claims for the extension
Ligne n°489 : and re-invention of activism need to be considered in the context of ...

Ligne n°489 : ... and re-invention of activism need to be considered in the context of
• Ligne n°490 : the material social and political world of inequality, injustice and
Ligne n°491 : corporate dominance."^[3] For example, "in his analysis of the Purple ...

Ligne n°491 : ... corporate dominance."^[3] For example, "in his analysis of the Purple
• Ligne n°492 : Movement (Popolo Viola) in Italy and its extensive use of Facebook,
Ligne n°493 : Coretti (2014)^[75] demonstrates that, while the myth of the network as ...

Ligne n°494 : ... open and inclusive persists, it acts as a disguise for the
• Ligne n°495 : communication protocols of commercial social networking platforms that
Ligne n°496 : may well enable large-scale mobilization but ultimately, through their ...

Ligne n°497 : ... very functionality, encourage organizational centralization and
• Ligne n°498 : fragmentation in social movements".^[76] The proprietary nature of the


• Ligne n°498 : fragmentation in social movements".^[76] The proprietary nature of the
Ligne n°499 : design of platforms, such as Facebook pages, possibly fails to provide ...

Ligne n°499 : ... design of platforms, such as Facebook pages, possibly fails to provide
• Ligne n°500 : movements with the necessary instruments in a shared democratic
Ligne n°501 : management of their resources. Moreover, the inability to manage ...

Ligne n°502 : ... Facebook pages and groups according to commonly agreed values promotes
• Ligne n°503 : vertical power structures within movements, contributing to a
Ligne n°504 : controversial management of Facebook pages and to internal divisions ...


• Ligne n°509 : Social movements have existed before the Internet, but the nature of


• Ligne n°509 : Social movements have existed before the Internet, but the nature of
Ligne n°510 : social movements has been modified through the Internet. The online ...

Ligne n°509 : ... Social movements have existed before the Internet, but the nature of
• Ligne n°510 : social movements has been modified through the Internet. The online


• Ligne n°510 : social movements has been modified through the Internet. The online
Ligne n°511 : world's beneficial impacts are clear, but these impacts are accompanied ...

Ligne n°511 : ... world's beneficial impacts are clear, but these impacts are accompanied
• Ligne n°512 : with detriments.^[77] Online movements are able to scale up
Ligne n°513 : dramatically and more quickly, but these horizontalist movements come ...

Ligne n°512 : ... with detriments.^[77] Online movements are able to scale up
• Ligne n°513 : dramatically and more quickly, but these horizontalist movements come
Ligne n°514 : at the expense of weathering risks and responses from the ...


• Ligne n°517 : In comparing past social movements to social movements today, it is


• Ligne n°517 : In comparing past social movements to social movements today, it is


• Ligne n°517 : In comparing past social movements to social movements today, it is


• Ligne n°517 : In comparing past social movements to social movements today, it is
Ligne n°518 : clear that many of them have heavily utilized online social media ...

Ligne n°517 : ... In comparing past social movements to social movements today, it is
• Ligne n°518 : clear that many of them have heavily utilized online social media
Ligne n°519 : platforms to advance their agendas. With the help of many open source ...

Ligne n°520 : ... media platforms, such as Creative Commons and P2P Foundation, the
• Ligne n°521 : public can easily gain access to the essence of these social movements.


• Ligne n°521 : public can easily gain access to the essence of these social movements.
Ligne n°522 : The prevalence of these platforms also allows for an easier way to ...

Ligne n°523 : ... market, while simultaneously reaching a wider range of audience. While
• Ligne n°524 : many more social media tools are available today and as a result
Ligne n°525 : granted faster and easier preparation of a movement, it is up to debate ...

Ligne n°524 : ... many more social media tools are available today and as a result
• Ligne n°525 : granted faster and easier preparation of a movement, it is up to debate
Ligne n°526 : whether this change has been good for the success of current ...

Ligne n°526 : ... whether this change has been good for the success of current
• Ligne n°527 : movements.^[63] It is essential to continue to monitor this shift in
Ligne n°528 : culture in social movements and understand the advantages and drawbacks ...

Ligne n°527 : ... movements.^[63] It is essential to continue to monitor this shift in
• Ligne n°528 : culture in social movements and understand the advantages and drawbacks


• Ligne n°528 : culture in social movements and understand the advantages and drawbacks
Ligne n°529 : of having access to social media as a means to advance a movement. With ...

Ligne n°528 : ... culture in social movements and understand the advantages and drawbacks
• Ligne n°529 : of having access to social media as a means to advance a movement. With


• Ligne n°529 : of having access to social media as a means to advance a movement. With
Ligne n°530 : the continued rapid evolution of the internet, the future of online ...

Ligne n°530 : ... the continued rapid evolution of the internet, the future of online
• Ligne n°531 : movements is hard to predict.

Ligne n°534 : ... believes that the biggest trend concerning online communities is the
• Ligne n°535 : formation of private online communities. While these large networks
Ligne n°536 : that we encounter and use on a daily basis have provided us with a ...


• Ligne n°543 : The traditional role of actors, such as social media organizations and
Ligne n°544 : governments, have also changed with online social movements. In these ...

Ligne n°543 : ... The traditional role of actors, such as social media organizations and
• Ligne n°544 : governments, have also changed with online social movements. In these


• Ligne n°544 : governments, have also changed with online social movements. In these
Ligne n°545 : online communities, social movement organizations have been less ...

Ligne n°544 : ... governments, have also changed with online social movements. In these
• Ligne n°545 : online communities, social movement organizations have been less


• Ligne n°545 : online communities, social movement organizations have been less
Ligne n°546 : necessary for online participation.^[78] While these organizations have ...

Ligne n°546 : ... necessary for online participation.^[78] While these organizations have
• Ligne n°547 : continued to play a role in offline engagements, social media
Ligne n°548 : organizations have begun to find new avenues for their contribution to ...

Ligne n°548 : ... organizations have begun to find new avenues for their contribution to
• Ligne n°549 : social change.^[78] Similarly, governments have found new ways to
Ligne n°550 : respond to online social movements. They have done this by developing ...

Ligne n°549 : ... social change.^[78] Similarly, governments have found new ways to
• Ligne n°550 : respond to online social movements. They have done this by developing


• Ligne n°550 : respond to online social movements. They have done this by developing
Ligne n°551 : new methods to adapt to social media threats, as well as by developing ...

Ligne n°550 : ... respond to online social movements. They have done this by developing
• Ligne n°551 : new methods to adapt to social media threats, as well as by developing
Ligne n°552 : new methods of repression.^[77] As governments have evolved, dissidents ...

Ligne n°553 : ... have continued to adapt with the new technological affordances. In an
• Ligne n°554 : online space, uncertain times continue to remain for social activists
Ligne n°555 : and governments. ...

Ligne n°568 : ... ISBN 978-0-19-953300-8. OCLC 260204710.CS1 maint: others (link)
• Ligne n°569 : 2. ^ ^a ^b Hara, Noriko; Huang, Bi-Yun (2011), Online Social
Ligne n°570 : Movements, Annual Review of Information Science & Technology, ...

Ligne n°569 : ... 2. ^ ^a ^b Hara, Noriko; Huang, Bi-Yun (2011), Online Social
• Ligne n°570 : Movements, Annual Review of Information Science & Technology,
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Ligne n°574 : ... Press, 2017, ISBN 978-0-300-21512-0, OCLC 989057566
• Ligne n°575 : 4. ^ Ideas, Mobilizing (2012-08-01). "Social Movements: How People


• Ligne n°575 : 4. ^ Ideas, Mobilizing (2012-08-01). "Social Movements: How People
Ligne n°576 : Make History". Mobilizing Ideas. Retrieved 2017-04-13. ...

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• Ligne n°577 : 5. ^ ^a ^b Tilly, Charles 1929-2008 Verfasser. (5 August 2019). Social
Ligne n°578 : movements, 1768-2018. ISBN 978-0-367-07607-8. OCLC 1126812829. ...

Ligne n°577 : ... 5. ^ ^a ^b Tilly, Charles 1929-2008 Verfasser. (5 August 2019). Social
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Ligne n°579 : 6. ^ ^a ^b Cash, Arthur. (2008). John Wilkes : the Scandalous Father ...

Ligne n°582 : ... 7. ^ ^a ^b Rudbeck, Jens (2012-10-05). "Popular sovereignty and the
• Ligne n°583 : historical origin of the social movement". Theory and Society. 41


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Ligne n°584 : (6): 581–601. doi:10.1007/s11186-012-9180-x. ISSN 0304-2421. ...

Ligne n°588 : ... Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-07864-1. OCLC 40927039.
• Ligne n°589 : 9. ^ "Activism in the Social Media Age". Pew Research Center:
Ligne n°590 : Internet, Science & Tech. 2018-07-11. Retrieved 2020-03-11. ...

Ligne n°605 : ... 15. ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Mina, An Xiao, 1983- (8 January 2019). Memes to
• Ligne n°606 : movements : how the world's most viral media is changing social


• Ligne n°606 : movements : how the world's most viral media is changing social
Ligne n°607 : protest and power. Boston. ISBN 978-0-8070-5658-5. ...

Ligne n°612 : ... authors list (link)
• Ligne n°613 : 17. ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Hara, Noriko; Huang, Bi-Yun (2011). "Online social
Ligne n°614 : movements". Annual Review of Information Science and Technology. 45 ...

Ligne n°613 : ... 17. ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Hara, Noriko; Huang, Bi-Yun (2011). "Online social
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Ligne n°615 : (1): 489–522. doi:10.1002/aris.2011.1440450117. ISSN 0066-4200. ...

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• Ligne n°616 : 18. ^ Castells, Manuel (2016-12-31), "75. Networks of Outrage and Hope:
Ligne n°617 : Social Movements in the Internet Age", Democracy, Columbia ...

Ligne n°616 : ... 18. ^ Castells, Manuel (2016-12-31), "75. Networks of Outrage and Hope:
• Ligne n°617 : Social Movements in the Internet Age", Democracy, Columbia


• Ligne n°617 : Social Movements in the Internet Age", Democracy, Columbia
Ligne n°618 : University Press, pp. 433–435, doi:10.7312/blau17412-091, ...

Ligne n°620 : ... 19. ^ Zald, Mayer N. McCarthy, John D. (John David), 1940- (1988). The
• Ligne n°621 : Dynamics of social movements : resource mobilization, social


• Ligne n°621 : Dynamics of social movements : resource mobilization, social


• Ligne n°621 : Dynamics of social movements : resource mobilization, social
Ligne n°622 : control, and tactics. University Press of America. ...

Ligne n°624 : ... authors list (link)
• Ligne n°625 : 20. ^ Thompson, John (1995). The Media and Modernity: A Social Theory
Ligne n°626 : of the Media (0 ed.). ISBN 978-0804726795. ...

Ligne n°648 : ... 29. ^ Day, Elizabeth (2015-07-19). "#BlackLivesMatter: the birth of a
• Ligne n°649 : new civil rights movement". The Observer. ISSN 0029-7712. Retrieved
Ligne n°650 : 2020-03-11. ...

Ligne n°650 : ... 2020-03-11.
• Ligne n°651 : 30. ^ "How a death in Ferguson sparked a movement in America".
Ligne n°652 : www.cbsnews.com. Retrieved 2020-03-11. ...

Ligne n°679 : ... 41. ^ "#MeToo and Time's Up Founders Explain the Difference Between the
• Ligne n°680 : 2 Movements". Time. Retrieved 2020-05-15.
Ligne n°681 : 42. ^ "Difference Between Me Too and Time's Up | Difference Between". ...

Ligne n°723 : ... Pirolli, P., Chi, E.H., Glaisyer, T. (2011). From Slacktivism to
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Ligne n°725 : 61. ^ Shirky, Clay. (2014). Here comes everybody : the power of ...

Ligne n°733 : ... ISBN 978-0-300-23417-6. OCLC 1002689516.
• Ligne n°734 : 64. ^ "How Social Movements are Using the Internet to Change Politics |


• Ligne n°734 : 64. ^ "How Social Movements are Using the Internet to Change Politics |
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• Ligne n°744 : 68. ^ "Furious reaction, political split after Turkey bans Twitter".
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• Ligne n°753 : 72. ^ McAdam, Doug (2013), "Tactical Interaction and Innovation", The
Ligne n°754 : Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Social and Political Movements, ...

Ligne n°753 : ... 72. ^ McAdam, Doug (2013), "Tactical Interaction and Innovation", The
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• Ligne n°754 : Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Social and Political Movements,
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Ligne n°757 : ... 73. ^ Costanza-Chock, Sasha (2012-08-01). "Mic Check! Media Cultures
• Ligne n°758 : and the Occupy Movement". Social Movement Studies. 11 (3–4):


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• Ligne n°764 : 75. ^ ^a ^b Coretti, L. (2014). The Purple Movement: Social Media and


• Ligne n°764 : 75. ^ ^a ^b Coretti, L. (2014). The Purple Movement: Social Media and
Ligne n°765 : Activism in Berlusconi's Italy (doctoral thesis). University of ...

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• Ligne n°769 : 77. ^ ^a ^b ^c Tufekci, Zeynep (2014). "Social Movements and


• Ligne n°769 : 77. ^ ^a ^b ^c Tufekci, Zeynep (2014). "Social Movements and
Ligne n°770 : Governments in the Digital Age: Evaluating a Complex Landscape". ...

Ligne n°772 : ... JSTOR 24461703.
• Ligne n°773 : 78. ^ ^a ^b Earl, Jennifer (2014-12-09). "The Future of Social Movement


• Ligne n°773 : 78. ^ ^a ^b Earl, Jennifer (2014-12-09). "The Future of Social Movement
Ligne n°774 : Organizations: The Waning Dominance of SMOs Online". American ...

Ligne n°778 : ... Retrieved from
• Ligne n°779 : "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Online_social_movement&oldi


• Ligne n°779 : "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Online_social_movement&oldi
Ligne n°780 : d=995617623" ...

Ligne n°781 : ... Categories:
• Ligne n°782 : * Social movements


• Ligne n°782 : * Social movements
Ligne n°783 : * Internet activism ...