Fichier de travail (INPUT) : ./DUMP-TEXT/1/46-utf8.txt
Encodage utilisé (INPUT) : UTF-8
Forme recherchée : ([Pp]eine de mort)|([Pp]eine capitale)|([Dd]eath penalty)|([Cc]apital punishment)|死刑
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- Ligne n°1 : Capital Punishment
- Ligne n°5 : Capital Punishment, legal infliction of death as a penalty for
Ligne n°6 : violating criminal law. Throughout history people have been put to ...
Ligne n°8 : ... included such practices as crucifixion, stoning, drowning, burning at- Ligne n°9 : the stake, impaling, and beheading. Today capital punishment is
Ligne n°10 : typically accomplished by lethal gas or injection, electrocution, ...- Ligne n°15 : The death penalty is the most controversial penal practice in the
Ligne n°16 : modern world. Other harsh, physical forms of criminal ...
Ligne n°22 : ... universally recognized as necessary to the control of crime, the- Ligne n°23 : nations of the world are split on the issue of capital punishment.
Ligne n°24 : About 80 nations have abolished the death penalty and an almost equal ...
Ligne n°23 : ... nations of the world are split on the issue of capital punishment.- Ligne n°24 : About 80 nations have abolished the death penalty and an almost equal
Ligne n°25 : number of nations (most of which are developing countries) retain it. ...
Ligne n°30 : ... States is an important exception to this trend. The federal government- Ligne n°31 : and a majority of U.S. states provide for the death penalty, and from
Ligne n°32 : 50 to 75 executions occur each year throughout the United States. ...- Ligne n°34 : II. The Death Penalty Debate
- Ligne n°36 : The practice of capital punishment is as old as government itself. For
Ligne n°37 : most of history, it has not been considered controversial. Since ...
Ligne n°42 : ... individual and to criticize government practices they considered- Ligne n°43 : unjust, including capital punishment. The controversy and debate over
Ligne n°44 : whether governments should utilize the death penalty continue today. ...
Ligne n°43 : ... unjust, including capital punishment. The controversy and debate over- Ligne n°44 : whether governments should utilize the death penalty continue today.
- Ligne n°46 : The first significant movement to abolish the death penalty began
Ligne n°47 : during the era known as the Age of Enlightenment. In 1764 Italian ...
Ligne n°50 : ... Many consider this influential work the leading document in the early- Ligne n°51 : campaign against capital punishment. Other individuals who campaigned
Ligne n°52 : against executions during this period include French authors Voltaire ...- Ligne n°56 : Critics of capital punishment contend that it is brutal and degrading,
Ligne n°57 : while supporters consider it a necessary form of retribution (revenge) ...
Ligne n°57 : ... while supporters consider it a necessary form of retribution (revenge)- Ligne n°58 : for terrible crimes. Those who advocate the death penalty assert that
Ligne n°59 : it is a uniquely effective punishment that deters crime. However, ...
Ligne n°59 : ... it is a uniquely effective punishment that deters crime. However,- Ligne n°60 : advocates and opponents of the death penalty dispute the proper
Ligne n°61 : interpretation of statistical analyses of its deterrent effect. ...
Ligne n°61 : ... interpretation of statistical analyses of its deterrent effect.- Ligne n°62 : Opponents of capital punishment see the death penalty as a human rights
- Ligne n°62 : Opponents of capital punishment see the death penalty as a human rights
Ligne n°63 : issue involving the proper limits of governmental power. In contrast, ...
Ligne n°64 : ... those who want governments to continue to execute tend to regard- Ligne n°65 : capital punishment as an issue of criminal justice policy. Because of
Ligne n°66 : these alternative viewpoints, there is a profound difference of opinion ...
Ligne n°66 : ... these alternative viewpoints, there is a profound difference of opinion- Ligne n°67 : not only about what is the right answer on capital punishment, but
Ligne n°68 : about what type of question is being asked when the death penalty ...
Ligne n°67 : ... not only about what is the right answer on capital punishment, but- Ligne n°68 : about what type of question is being asked when the death penalty
Ligne n°69 : becomes a public issue. ...- Ligne n°73 : Early opponents of capital punishment objected to its brutality.
Ligne n°74 : Executions were public spectacles involving cruel methods. In addition, ...
Ligne n°74 : ... Executions were public spectacles involving cruel methods. In addition,- Ligne n°75 : capital punishment was not reserved solely for the most serious crimes.
Ligne n°76 : Death was the penalty for a variety of minor offenses. ...
Ligne n°80 : ... punishment was necessary for the safety of other citizens and therefore- Ligne n°81 : not gratuitous. Second, death penalty supporters sought to remove some
Ligne n°82 : of the most visibly gruesome aspects of execution. Executions that had ...
Ligne n°92 : ... preferred method of execution in the majority of U.S. states. However,- Ligne n°93 : modern opponents of capital punishment contend that sterilized and
Ligne n°94 : depersonalized methods of execution do not eliminate the brutality of ...
Ligne n°99 : ... In the debate about execution and human dignity, supporters and- Ligne n°100 : opponents of the death penalty have found very little common ground.
Ligne n°101 : Opponents of capital punishment assert that it is degrading to the ...
Ligne n°100 : ... opponents of the death penalty have found very little common ground.- Ligne n°101 : Opponents of capital punishment assert that it is degrading to the
Ligne n°102 : humanity of the person punished. Since the 18th century, those who wish ...
Ligne n°102 : ... humanity of the person punished. Since the 18th century, those who wish- Ligne n°103 : to abolish the death penalty have stressed the significance of
Ligne n°104 : requiring governments to recognize the importance of each individual. ...
Ligne n°104 : ... requiring governments to recognize the importance of each individual.- Ligne n°105 : However, supporters of capital punishment see nothing wrong with
Ligne n°106 : governments deliberately killing terrible people who commit terrible ...- Ligne n°112 : Early opponents of capital punishment also argued that inflicting death
Ligne n°113 : was not necessary to control crime and properly punish wrongdoers. ...- Ligne n°121 : Supporters of capital punishment countered that the ultimate penalty of
Ligne n°122 : death was necessary for the punishment of terrible crimes because it ...
Ligne n°124 : ... they argued that the threat of execution was a unique deterrent. Death- Ligne n°125 : penalty supporters contended that capital punishment self-evidently
Ligne n°126 : prevents more crime because death is so much more feared than mere ...- Ligne n°129 : Supporters and opponents of capital punishment still debate its
Ligne n°130 : effectiveness. Social scientists have collected statistical data on ...
Ligne n°131 : ... trends in homicide before and after jurisdictions have abolished- Ligne n°132 : capital punishment. They have also compared homicide rates in places
Ligne n°133 : with and without the death penalty. The great majority of these ...
Ligne n°132 : ... capital punishment. They have also compared homicide rates in places- Ligne n°133 : with and without the death penalty. The great majority of these
Ligne n°134 : statistical comparisons indicate that the presence or absence of ...
Ligne n°134 : ... statistical comparisons indicate that the presence or absence of- Ligne n°135 : capital punishment or executions does not visibly influence the rate of
Ligne n°136 : homicide. ...- Ligne n°138 : Opponents of capital punishment maintain that these studies refute the
Ligne n°139 : argument that the death penalty deters crime. Many capital punishment ...
Ligne n°138 : ... Opponents of capital punishment maintain that these studies refute the- Ligne n°139 : argument that the death penalty deters crime. Many capital punishment
- Ligne n°139 : argument that the death penalty deters crime. Many capital punishment
Ligne n°140 : opponents consider the deterrence argument fully negated and no longer ...
Ligne n°140 : ... opponents consider the deterrence argument fully negated and no longer- Ligne n°141 : part of the debate. However, supporters of the death penalty dispute
Ligne n°142 : that interpretation of the statistical analyses of deterrent effect. ...
Ligne n°142 : ... that interpretation of the statistical analyses of deterrent effect.- Ligne n°143 : Capital punishment advocates note that because the death penalty is
- Ligne n°143 : Capital punishment advocates note that because the death penalty is
Ligne n°144 : reserved for the most aggravated murders, the deterrent effect of ...
Ligne n°144 : ... reserved for the most aggravated murders, the deterrent effect of- Ligne n°145 : capital punishment on such crimes may not be apparent in data on
Ligne n°146 : homicide rates in general. Supporters also urge that the conflicting ...
Ligne n°147 : ... results of various studies indicate that the deterrent effect of the- Ligne n°148 : death penalty cannot not be proven or disproven with any certainty.
Ligne n°149 : They maintain that in the absence of conclusive proof that the threat ...- Ligne n°155 : A unique facet of the modern debate about capital punishment is the
Ligne n°156 : characterization of the death penalty as a human rights issue, rather ...
Ligne n°155 : ... A unique facet of the modern debate about capital punishment is the- Ligne n°156 : characterization of the death penalty as a human rights issue, rather
Ligne n°157 : than a debate about the proper punishment of criminals. Modern ...
Ligne n°157 : ... than a debate about the proper punishment of criminals. Modern- Ligne n°158 : opposition to the death penalty is seen as a reaction to the political
Ligne n°159 : history of the 20th century, most notably the Holocaust–the ...
Ligne n°164 : ... two nations became the first major powers in Europe to abolish capital- Ligne n°165 : punishment. The postwar movement to end capital punishment, beginning
Ligne n°166 : in Italy and Germany and then spreading, represented a reaction to ...- Ligne n°170 : The human rights focus on the death penalty has continued, especially
Ligne n°171 : in settings of dramatic political change. When people view capital ...
Ligne n°172 : ... punishment as a human rights issue, countries that are becoming more- Ligne n°173 : democratic have been eager to abolish the death penalty, which they
Ligne n°174 : associate with the former regime and its abuses of power. For example, ...
Ligne n°174 : ... associate with the former regime and its abuses of power. For example,- Ligne n°175 : a number of former Communist nations abolished capital punishment
Ligne n°176 : shortly after the dissolution of the Union of Soviet Socialist ...
Ligne n°177 : ... Republics in 1991. Similarly, the multiracial government of South- Ligne n°178 : Africa formed in 1994 quickly outlawed a death penalty many associated
Ligne n°179 : with apartheid, the official policy of racial segregation that had been ...- Ligne n°184 : For most of recorded history, capital punishment was available to every
Ligne n°185 : government for especially serious crimes and often for a great variety ...- Ligne n°194 : A. Early Efforts Against the Death Penalty
Ligne n°206 : ... replacing execution with a life sentence.) Today in many nations,- Ligne n°207 : including Turkey and Japan, the death penalty remains legal but the
Ligne n°208 : number of executions has declined over time. ...- Ligne n°210 : Although many jurisdictions limited imposition of the death penalty, no
Ligne n°211 : government had formally abolished capital punishment until Michigan did ...
Ligne n°210 : ... Although many jurisdictions limited imposition of the death penalty, no- Ligne n°211 : government had formally abolished capital punishment until Michigan did
Ligne n°212 : so in 1846. Within 20 years Venezuela (1863) and Portugal (1867) had ...
Ligne n°221 : ... The defeat of the Axis powers provided a foundation for the elimination- Ligne n°222 : of the death penalty in Western Europe. Some of the nations involved in
Ligne n°223 : the war saw abolition of capital punishment as a way to disassociate ...
Ligne n°222 : ... of the death penalty in Western Europe. Some of the nations involved in- Ligne n°223 : the war saw abolition of capital punishment as a way to disassociate
Ligne n°224 : themselves from the atrocities that had taken place. Italy formally ...
Ligne n°224 : ... themselves from the atrocities that had taken place. Italy formally- Ligne n°225 : abolished the death penalty in 1947 and the Federal Republic of Germany
Ligne n°226 : did so in 1949. The British government instituted a Royal Commission to ...
Ligne n°226 : ... did so in 1949. The British government instituted a Royal Commission to- Ligne n°227 : study capital punishment in 1950 and abolished the death penalty in
- Ligne n°227 : study capital punishment in 1950 and abolished the death penalty in
Ligne n°228 : 1965. (Northern Ireland did not abolish capital punishment until 1973.) ...
Ligne n°227 : ... study capital punishment in 1950 and abolished the death penalty in- Ligne n°228 : 1965. (Northern Ireland did not abolish capital punishment until 1973.)
Ligne n°229 : By the early 1980s every major country in Europe had stopped executing ...
Ligne n°233 : ... to the Commonwealth of Nations, an association of countries formerly- Ligne n°234 : affiliated with the British Empire, eliminated capital punishment. For
Ligne n°235 : instance, Canada conducted its last execution in 1962 and abolished the ...
Ligne n°235 : ... instance, Canada conducted its last execution in 1962 and abolished the- Ligne n°236 : death penalty in 1976. New Zealand held its last execution in 1957 and
Ligne n°237 : Australia stopped executing criminals ten years later. ...
Ligne n°240 : ... the Soviet Union. East Germany, the Czech Republic, and Romania all- Ligne n°241 : outlawed capital punishment between 1987 and 1990. Throughout the
Ligne n°242 : former Communist countries, abolition of the death penalty was a ...
Ligne n°241 : ... outlawed capital punishment between 1987 and 1990. Throughout the- Ligne n°242 : former Communist countries, abolition of the death penalty was a
Ligne n°243 : political act far removed from the usual domain of criminal justice ...
Ligne n°243 : ... political act far removed from the usual domain of criminal justice- Ligne n°244 : policy-making. Eliminating the death penalty was one of many ways the
Ligne n°245 : citizens of these countries rejected unlimited state power over ...
Ligne n°254 : ... By the late 1990s, for the first time in history, the world's nations- Ligne n°255 : were almost evenly divided with respect to capital punishment. As of
Ligne n°256 : 2000, 72 countries no longer authorized the penalty of death for any ...
Ligne n°256 : ... 2000, 72 countries no longer authorized the penalty of death for any- Ligne n°257 : crimes. Another 13 countries authorized capital punishment only for
Ligne n°258 : exceptional crimes, such as crimes under military law and crimes ...- Ligne n°265 : In 2000, 87 nations authorized the death penalty for some crimes.
Ligne n°266 : Typically, capital punishment is reserved for individuals who commit ...
Ligne n°265 : ... In 2000, 87 nations authorized the death penalty for some crimes.- Ligne n°266 : Typically, capital punishment is reserved for individuals who commit
Ligne n°267 : the most violent or serious crimes, such as murder and treason. ...
Ligne n°267 : ... the most violent or serious crimes, such as murder and treason.- Ligne n°268 : However, some governments authorize capital punishment for nonviolent
Ligne n°269 : or nonfatal crimes. For example, in Libya importing alcohol and trading ...- Ligne n°273 : Although the number of nations with and without capital punishment is
Ligne n°274 : almost equal, there are definite patterns by region and by level of ...
Ligne n°275 : ... economic development. None of the countries in Western Europe utilize- Ligne n°276 : capital punishment, nor do most countries in South America. Asian
Ligne n°277 : countries and Islamic nations tend to practice capital punishment. The ...
Ligne n°276 : ... capital punishment, nor do most countries in South America. Asian- Ligne n°277 : countries and Islamic nations tend to practice capital punishment. The
Ligne n°278 : majority of countries in Africa also authorize the death penalty. ...
Ligne n°277 : ... countries and Islamic nations tend to practice capital punishment. The- Ligne n°278 : majority of countries in Africa also authorize the death penalty.
- Ligne n°280 : In general, industrial democracies have abolished the death penalty,
Ligne n°281 : while nonindustrialized nations are much more likely to retain capital ...
Ligne n°282 : ... punishment. Only two advanced industrial democracies, the United States- Ligne n°283 : and Japan, retain the death penalty. A number of newly industrialized
Ligne n°284 : Asian nations, such as South Korea, also practice capital punishment. ...
Ligne n°283 : ... and Japan, retain the death penalty. A number of newly industrialized- Ligne n°284 : Asian nations, such as South Korea, also practice capital punishment.
Ligne n°285 : Dictatorships and other forms of totalitarian governments tend to be ...- Ligne n°298 : The worldwide trend toward abolition of capital punishment will likely
Ligne n°299 : continue. Among industrialized nations, those that have abolished the ...
Ligne n°299 : ... continue. Among industrialized nations, those that have abolished the- Ligne n°300 : death penalty have shown no tendency to reverse this policy, and
Ligne n°301 : transnational agreements in Western Europe now support abolition of ...
Ligne n°301 : ... transnational agreements in Western Europe now support abolition of- Ligne n°302 : capital punishment. Only major political instability could be expected
Ligne n°303 : to reverse the trend in Europe, Canada, and South America. Among ...
Ligne n°303 : ... to reverse the trend in Europe, Canada, and South America. Among- Ligne n°304 : nations that have retained capital punishment, pressure to reduce or
Ligne n°305 : eliminate the death penalty appears to be increasing. China and the ...
Ligne n°304 : ... nations that have retained capital punishment, pressure to reduce or- Ligne n°305 : eliminate the death penalty appears to be increasing. China and the
Ligne n°306 : Islamic nations of Asia and the Middle East are likely to continue ...- Ligne n°309 : IV. Capital Punishment in the United States
- Ligne n°317 : Many public opinion polls indicate that capital punishment enjoys
Ligne n°318 : significant support in the United States. Nonetheless, it remains a ...
Ligne n°319 : ... highly controversial and hotly contested issue. Opponents even question- Ligne n°320 : whether a high level of support actually exists for the death penalty.
Ligne n°321 : They note that public-approval ratings of capital punishment as a ...
Ligne n°320 : ... whether a high level of support actually exists for the death penalty.- Ligne n°321 : They note that public-approval ratings of capital punishment as a
Ligne n°322 : preferred penalty decline when the alternative punishment is a "true" ...
Ligne n°329 : ... divided between a central (national) authority and smaller local units- Ligne n°330 : of government (see Federalism). Federal law provides the death penalty
Ligne n°331 : for more than 40 crimes, including treason, various forms of aggravated ...
Ligne n°334 : ... of the persons presently sentenced to death are under the jurisdiction- Ligne n°335 : of the federal government. Capital punishment in the United States,
Ligne n°336 : therefore, is primarily a matter of state law and practice. ...
Ligne n°341 : ... of the United States, but each state chooses its own criminal- Ligne n°342 : penalties. This basic arrangement holds for the death penalty as well.
- Ligne n°344 : Both law and practice regarding the death penalty vary widely in the 50
Ligne n°345 : states. Twelve states do not have a death penalty. The most serious ...
Ligne n°344 : ... Both law and practice regarding the death penalty vary widely in the 50- Ligne n°345 : states. Twelve states do not have a death penalty. The most serious
Ligne n°346 : form of punishment in such states is life imprisonment, sometimes ...
Ligne n°348 : ... some forms of aggravated murder can be punished with death. Several- Ligne n°349 : states also authorize capital punishment for the nonlethal offenses of
Ligne n°350 : drug trafficking, hijacking, treason, and sexual assault. However, in ...- Ligne n°354 : B. Capital Punishment and the Constitution
Ligne n°356 : ... For the first 150 years of U.S. history, the federal government played- Ligne n°357 : a minor role in setting policy toward the death penalty. The majority
Ligne n°358 : of states provided capital punishment and executions were common until ...
Ligne n°357 : ... a minor role in setting policy toward the death penalty. The majority- Ligne n°358 : of states provided capital punishment and executions were common until
Ligne n°359 : the late 1950s. Some states abolished capital punishment at their own ...
Ligne n°358 : ... of states provided capital punishment and executions were common until- Ligne n°359 : the late 1950s. Some states abolished capital punishment at their own
Ligne n°360 : initiative, beginning with Michigan in the late 1840s. By 1965, 13 ...
Ligne n°360 : ... initiative, beginning with Michigan in the late 1840s. By 1965, 13- Ligne n°361 : states had no death penalty, and the number of executions in those
Ligne n°362 : states that retained capital punishment laws had drifted downward from ...
Ligne n°361 : ... states had no death penalty, and the number of executions in those- Ligne n°362 : states that retained capital punishment laws had drifted downward from
Ligne n°363 : 199 in 1935 to 7. The reduction in executions in the United States ...- Ligne n°367 : By the mid-1960s, a growing debate over abolition of capital punishment
Ligne n°368 : had shifted from state legislatures to the federal courts. Opponents of ...
Ligne n°368 : ... had shifted from state legislatures to the federal courts. Opponents of- Ligne n°369 : the death penalty initiated a series of lawsuits contending that the
Ligne n°370 : death penalty as administered in the United States violated several ...
Ligne n°369 : ... the death penalty initiated a series of lawsuits contending that the- Ligne n°370 : death penalty as administered in the United States violated several
Ligne n°371 : amendments to the U.S. Constitution. These cases alleged that capital ...
Ligne n°380 : ... constituted cruel and unusual punishment. This ruling invalidated every- Ligne n°381 : state death penalty statute, because all of the states that retained
Ligne n°382 : capital punishment in 1972 used a standardless system, in which the ...
Ligne n°381 : ... state death penalty statute, because all of the states that retained- Ligne n°382 : capital punishment in 1972 used a standardless system, in which the
Ligne n°383 : jury received no guidance in deciding sentences. As a result, an ...- Ligne n°387 : Following the Furman decision, states quickly passed new death penalty
Ligne n°388 : legislation. The new statutes still gave juries discretion to choose ...
Ligne n°389 : ... between prison and the death sentence. However, the laws also- Ligne n°390 : restricted the types of murder for which the death penalty could be
Ligne n°391 : imposed. In addition, the new statutes provided instructions on factors ...
Ligne n°396 : ... after that case was decided, 35 states had passed laws providing- Ligne n°397 : systems of guided discretion in death penalty cases. The first
Ligne n°398 : execution under these laws was that of Gary Gilmore by firing squad in ...- Ligne n°404 : The current U.S. system of capital punishment differs from that of the
Ligne n°405 : pre-1972 era because many federal constitutional standards must now be ...
Ligne n°405 : ... pre-1972 era because many federal constitutional standards must now be- Ligne n°406 : obeyed in death penalty cases. For example, the Supreme Court has ruled
Ligne n°407 : that the Eighth Amendment forbids the execution of defendants who, due ...
Ligne n°409 : ... their pending execution. In the 1988 case of Thompson v. Oklahoma, the- Ligne n°410 : Court rejected an attempt to impose the death penalty on an individual
Ligne n°411 : who was under the age of 16 at the time he committed his crime. The ...
Ligne n°412 : ... Court has also indicated that only individuals convicted of crimes that- Ligne n°413 : result in a death are eligible for the death penalty. Contemporary laws
Ligne n°414 : that authorize capital punishment for individuals who commit offenses ...
Ligne n°413 : ... result in a death are eligible for the death penalty. Contemporary laws- Ligne n°414 : that authorize capital punishment for individuals who commit offenses
Ligne n°415 : that do not result in death have not yet been challenged and reviewed ...- Ligne n°418 : Since reinstatement of the death penalty in 1976, more than 600
Ligne n°419 : executions have taken place in the United States. Of the 38 states that ...
Ligne n°419 : ... executions have taken place in the United States. Of the 38 states that- Ligne n°420 : allowed capital punishment in 1999, only 29 had actually conducted an
Ligne n°421 : execution in the previous two decades. Very few states make executions ...- Ligne n°437 : Between reinstatement of the death penalty in 1976 and the end of 1998,
Ligne n°438 : three women have been executed in the United States. In July 1998, 48 ...
Ligne n°451 : ... convicted of the capital crime. There are two reasons why a gap of many- Ligne n°452 : years exists between a state death penalty and an actual execution. The
Ligne n°453 : first is the obvious point that all legal appeals of the death sentence ...
Ligne n°477 : ... This long gap between crime and punishment frustrates supporters of- Ligne n°478 : capital punishment. In recent years the Congress of the United States
Ligne n°479 : has passed two separate federal laws intended to reduce the delay ...
Ligne n°480 : ... between sentencing and execution. These laws limit the authority of- Ligne n°481 : federal courts to hear appeals in death penalty cases. Critics of this
Ligne n°482 : attempt to curtail appellate review include the nation's largest ...
Ligne n°484 : ... the ABA adopted a resolution calling upon all jurisdictions that- Ligne n°485 : utilize capital punishment to refrain from conducting executions until
Ligne n°486 : those jurisdictions had implemented certain policies to ensure that ...
Ligne n°486 : ... those jurisdictions had implemented certain policies to ensure that- Ligne n°487 : death penalty cases are administered fairly and impartially. One of the
Ligne n°488 : ABA's recommended policies focused on "preserving, enhancing, and ...
Ligne n°504 : ... claims of legal error. Reducing access to courts saves time and money- Ligne n°505 : but increases the likelihood of significant error. For death penalty
Ligne n°506 : convictions, the consequence of error is the ultimate punishment of ...- Ligne n°511 : Critics of capital punishment in the United States object to perceived
Ligne n°512 : arbitrariness and discrepancies in its administration. Numerous studies ...- Ligne n°517 : Those who believe the states administer the death penalty in a racially
Ligne n°518 : biased manner emphasize the disproportionate numbers of African ...
Ligne n°518 : ... biased manner emphasize the disproportionate numbers of African- Ligne n°519 : Americans on death row. Critics of the application of the death penalty
Ligne n°520 : also note that the race of the victim provides a statistically clear ...
Ligne n°523 : ... United States are nonwhite, 80 percent of all death sentences are- Ligne n°524 : imposed for murders of whites. Supporters of capital punishment
Ligne n°525 : attribute statistical disparities in sentencing to the different ...- Ligne n°531 : Legal challenges to imposition of the death penalty based on
Ligne n°532 : allegations of racial discrimination have achieved little success. In ...
Ligne n°553 : ... University of California at Berkeley. Co-author of The Citizen's Guide- Ligne n°554 : to Gun Control, Capital Punishment and the American Agenda and other
Ligne n°555 : books. ...- Ligne n°559 : "Capital Punishment," Microsoft® Encarta® Online Encyclopedia 2000