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Life

   From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
   Jump to: navigation, search
   For other uses, see Life (disambiguation).
   Page semi-protected
       Life (Biota / Vitae / Eobionti)
   Ruwenpflanzen.jpg
   Plants in the Rwenzori Mountains, Uganda
        Scientific classification e
            Domains and kingdoms

   Life on Earth:
     * (unranked) Non-cellular life^[note 1]
          + (unranked) Viruses
          + (unranked) Viroids
     * (unranked) Cellular life
          + (unranked) Prokaryotes
               o Domain Bacteria
                    # Kingdom Eubacteria
               o Domain Archaea
                    # Kingdom Crenarchaeota
                    # Kingdom Euryarchaeota
          + Domain Eukarya
               o Kingdom Amoebozoa
               o Kingdom Fungi/Eumycota
               o Kingdom Animalia/Metazoa
               o Kingdom Rhizaria
               o Kingdom Excavata
               o Kingdom Plantae/Viridiplantae
               o Kingdom Chromalveolata

   Life is a characteristic distinguishing physical entities having
   biological processes (such as signaling and self-sustaining processes)
   from those that do not,^[1]^[2] either because such functions have
   ceased (death), or because they lack such functions and are classified
   as inanimate.^[3]^[4]^[5] Various forms of life exist such as plants,
   animals, fungi, protists, archaea, and bacteria. The criteria can at
   times be ambiguous and may or may not define viruses, viroids or
   potential artificial life as living. Biology is the primary science
   concerned with the study of life, although many other sciences are
   involved.

   The smallest contiguous unit of life is called an organism. Organisms
   are composed of one, or more, cells, undergo metabolism, maintain
   homeostasis, can grow, respond to stimuli, reproduce (either sexually
   or asexually) and, through evolution, adapt to their environment in
   successive generations.^[1] A diverse array of living organisms can be
   found in the biosphere of Earth, and the properties common to these
   organisms—plants, animals, fungi, protists, archaea, and bacteria—are a
   carbon- and water-based cellular form with complex organization and
   heritable genetic information.

   Abiogenesis is the natural process of life arising from non-living
   matter such as simple organic compounds. The earliest life on Earth
   arose at least 3.5 billion years ago,^[6]^[7]^[8] during the Eoarchean
   Era when sufficient crust had solidified following the molten Hadean
   Eon. The earliest physical evidence of life on Earth is biogenic
   graphite from 3.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks found in
   Western Greenland^[9] and microbial mat fossils in 3.48
   billion-year-old sandstone from in Western Australia.^[10]^[11] Some
   theories such as the Late Heavy Bombardment theory suggest that life on
   Earth may have started even earlier,^[12] and may have begun as early
   as 4.25 billion years ago according to one study,^[13] and even earlier
   yet, 4.4 billion years ago, according to another study.^[14] The
   mechanism by which life began on Earth is unknown, although many
   hypotheses have been formulated. Since emerging, life has evolved into
   a variety of forms, which have been classified into a hierarchy of
   taxa. Life can survive and thrive in a wide range of conditions.
   Although more than 99 percent of all species ever to have lived are
   estimated to be extinct,^[15]^[16] there are currently 10–14 million
   species of living organisms on the Earth.^[17]

   The chemistry leading to life may have begun shortly after the Big
   Bang, 13.8 billion years ago, during a habitable epoch when the
   Universe was only 10–17 million years old.^[18]^[19]^[20] According to
   the panspermia hypothesis, microscopic life—distributed by meteoroids,
   asteroids and other small Solar System bodies—may exist throughout the
   universe.^[21] Though life is confirmed only on the Earth, many think
   that extraterrestrial life is not only plausible, but probable or
   inevitable.^[22]^[23] Other planets and moons in the Solar System have
   been examined for evidence of having once supported simple life, and
   projects such as SETI have attempted to detect radio transmissions from
   possible alien civilizations.

   The meaning of life—its significance, origin, purpose, and ultimate
   fate—is a central concept and question in philosophy and religion. Both
   philosophy and religion have offered interpretations as to how life
   relates to existence and consciousness, and on related issues such as
   life stance, purpose, conception of a god or gods, a soul or an
   afterlife. Different cultures throughout history have had widely
   varying approaches to these issues.

Contents

     * 1 Early theories
          + 1.1 Materialism
          + 1.2 Hylomorphism
          + 1.3 Vitalism
     * 2 Definitions
          + 2.1 Biology
               o 2.1.1 Alternatives
               o 2.1.2 Viruses
          + 2.2 Living systems theories
     * 3 Origin
     * 4 Conditions
          + 4.1 Range of tolerance
     * 5 Form and function
     * 6 Classification
     * 7 Extraterrestrial life
          + 7.1 Research
     * 8 Death
     * 9 Artificial life
     * 10 See also
     * 11 Notes
     * 12 References
     * 13 Further reading
     * 14 External links

Early theories

Materialism

   Plant growth in the Hoh Rainforest
   Herds of zebra and impala gathering on the Maasai Mara plain
   An aerial photo of microbial mats around the Grand Prismatic Spring of
   Yellowstone National Park

   Some of the earliest theories of life were materialist, holding that
   all that exists is matter, and that life is merely a complex form or
   arrangement of matter. Empedocles (430 BC) argued that every thing in
   the universe is made up of a combination of four eternal "elements" or
   "roots of all": earth, water, air, and fire. All change is explained by
   the arrangement and rearrangement of these four elements. The various
   forms of life are caused by an appropriate mixture of elements.^[24]

   Democritus (460 BC) thought that the essential characteristic of life
   is having a soul (psyche). Like other ancient writers, he was
   attempting to explain what makes something a living thing. His
   explanation was that fiery atoms make a soul in exactly the same way
   atoms and void account for any other thing. He elaborates on fire
   because of the apparent connection between life and heat, and because
   fire moves.^[25]

     Plato's world of eternal and unchanging Forms, imperfectly
     represented in matter by a divine Artisan, contrasts sharply with
     the various mechanistic Weltanschauungen, of which atomism was, by
     the fourth century at least, the most prominent... This debate
     persisted throughout the ancient world. Atomistic mechanism got a
     shot in the arm from Epicurus... while the Stoics adopted a divine
     teleology... The choice seems simple: either show how a structured,
     regular world could arise out of undirected processes, or inject
     intelligence into the system.^[26]

   —R. J. Hankinson, Cause and Explanation in Ancient Greek Thought

   The mechanistic materialism that originated in ancient Greece was
   revived and revised by the French philosopher René Descartes, who held
   that animals and humans were assemblages of parts that together
   functioned as a machine. In the 19th century, the advances in cell
   theory in biological science encouraged this view. The evolutionary
   theory of Charles Darwin (1859) is a mechanistic explanation for the
   origin of species by means of natural selection.^[27]

Hylomorphism

   Hylomorphism is a theory, originating with Aristotle (322 BC), that all
   things are a combination of matter and form. Biology was one of his
   main interests, and there is extensive biological material in his
   extant writings. In this view, all things in the material universe have
   both matter and form, and the form of a living thing is its soul (Greek
   psyche, Latin anima). There are three kinds of souls: the vegetative
   soul of plants, which causes them to grow and decay and nourish
   themselves, but does not cause motion and sensation; the animal soul,
   which causes animals to move and feel; and the rational soul, which is
   the source of consciousness and reasoning, which (Aristotle believed)
   is found only in man.^[28] Each higher soul has all the attributes of
   the lower one. Aristotle believed that while matter can exist without
   form, form cannot exist without matter, and therefore the soul cannot
   exist without the body.^[29]

   This account is consistent with teleological explanations of life,
   which account for phenomena in terms of purpose or goal-directedness.
   Thus, the whiteness of the polar bear's coat is explained by its
   purpose of camouflage. The direction of causality (from the future to
   the past) is in contradiction with the scientific evidence for natural
   selection, which explains the consequence in terms of a prior cause.
   Biological features are explained not by looking at future optimal
   results, but by looking at the past evolutionary history of a species,
   which led to the natural selection of the features in question.^[30]

Vitalism

   Vitalism is the belief that the life-principle is non-material. This
   originated with Stahl (17th century), and held sway until the middle of
   the 19th century. It appealed to philosophers such as Henri Bergson,
   Nietzsche, Wilhelm Dilthey,^[31] anatomists like Bichat, and chemists
   like Liebig.^[32] Vitalism included the idea that there was a
   fundamental difference between organic and inorganic material, and the
   belief that organic material can only be derived from living things.
   This was disproved in 1828, when Friedrich Wöhler prepared urea from
   inorganic materials.^[33] This Wöhler synthesis is considered the
   starting point of modern organic chemistry. It is of historical
   significance because for the first time an organic compound was
   produced from inorganic reactants.^[32]

   During the 1850s, Helmholtz, anticipated by Mayer, demonstrated that no
   energy is lost in muscle movement, suggesting that there were no "vital
   forces" necessary to move a muscle.^[34] These results led to the
   abandonment of scientific interest in vitalistic theories, although the
   belief lingered on in pseudoscientific theories such as homeopathy,
   which interprets diseases and sickness as caused by disturbances in a
   hypothetical vital force or life force.^[35]

Definitions

   It is a challenge for scientists and philosophers to define life in
   unequivocal terms.^[36]^[37]^[38] This is difficult partly because life
   is a process, not a pure substance.^[39]^[40] Any definition must be
   sufficiently broad to encompass all life with which we are familiar,
   and must be sufficiently general to include life that may be
   fundamentally different from life on Earth.^[41]^[42]^[43] Some may
   even consider that life is not real at all, but a concept instead.^[44]

Biology

   Since there is no unequivocal definition of life, the current
   understanding is descriptive. Life is considered a characteristic of
   something that exhibits all or most of the following
   traits:^[42]^[45]^[46]
    1. Homeostasis: Regulation of the internal environment to maintain a
       constant state; for example, electrolyte concentration or sweating
       to reduce temperature.
    2. Organization: Being structurally composed of one or more cells —
       the basic units of life.
    3. Metabolism: Transformation of energy by converting chemicals and
       energy into cellular components (anabolism) and decomposing organic
       matter (catabolism). Living things require energy to maintain
       internal organization (homeostasis) and to produce the other
       phenomena associated with life.^[42]
    4. Growth: Maintenance of a higher rate of anabolism than catabolism.
       A growing organism increases in size in all of its parts, rather
       than simply accumulating matter.
    5. Adaptation: The ability to change over time in response to the
       environment. This ability is fundamental to the process of
       evolution and is determined by the organism's heredity, diet, and
       external factors.
    6. Response to stimuli: A response can take many forms, from the
       contraction of a unicellular organism to external chemicals, to
       complex reactions involving all the senses of multicellular
       organisms. A response is often expressed by motion; for example,
       the leaves of a plant turning toward the sun (phototropism), and
       chemotaxis.
    7. Reproduction: The ability to produce new individual organisms,
       either asexually from a single parent organism, or sexually from
       two parent organisms.^[47]^[48] or "with an error rate below the
       sustainability threshold."^[48]

   These complex processes, called physiological functions, have
   underlying physical and chemical bases, as well as signaling and
   control mechanisms that are essential to maintaining life.

Alternatives

   See also: Entropy and life

   To reflect the minimum phenomena required, other biological definitions
   of life have been proposed,^[49] many of these are based upon chemical
   systems. Biophysicists have commented that living things function on
   negative entropy.^[50]^[51] In other words, living processes can be
   viewed as a delay of the spontaneous diffusion or dispersion of the
   internal energy of biological molecules towards more potential
   microstates.^[52] In more detail, according to physicists such as John
   Bernal, Erwin Schrödinger, Eugene Wigner, and John Avery, life is a
   member of the class of phenomena that are open or continuous systems
   able to decrease their internal entropy at the expense of substances or
   free energy taken in from the environment and subsequently rejected in
   a degraded form.^[53]^[54]^[55] At a higher level, living beings are
   thermodynamic systems that have an organized molecular structure.^[52]
   That is, life is matter that can reproduce itself and evolve as
   survival dictates.^[56]^[57] Hence, life is a self-sustained chemical
   system capable of undergoing Darwinian evolution.^[58]

   Others take a systemic viewpoint that does not necessarily depend on
   molecular chemistry. One systemic definition of life is that living
   things are self-organizing and autopoietic (self-producing). Variations
   of this definition include Stuart Kauffman's definition as an
   autonomous agent or a multi-agent system capable of reproducing itself
   or themselves, and of completing at least one thermodynamic work
   cycle.^[59]

Viruses

   Electron micrograph of adenovirus with a cartoon to demonstrate its
   icosahedral structure

   Viruses are most often considered replicators rather than forms of
   life. They have been described as "organisms at the edge of life,"^[60]
   since they possess genes, evolve by natural selection,^[61]^[62] and
   replicate by creating multiple copies of themselves through
   self-assembly. However, viruses do not metabolize and they require a
   host cell to make new products. Virus self-assembly within host cells
   has implications for the study of the origin of life, as it may support
   the hypothesis that life could have started as self-assembling organic
   molecules.^[63]^[64]^[65]

Living systems theories

   The idea that the Earth is alive is found in philosophy and religion,
   but the first scientific discussion of it was by the Scottish scientist
   James Hutton. In 1785, he stated that the Earth was a superorganism and
   that its proper study should be physiology. Hutton is considered the
   father of geology, but his idea of a living Earth was forgotten in the
   intense reductionism of the 19th century.^[66] The Gaia hypothesis,
   proposed in the 1960s by scientist James Lovelock,^[67]^[68] suggests
   that life on Earth functions as a single organism that defines and
   maintains environmental conditions necessary for its survival.^[69]

   The first attempt at a general living systems theory for explaining the
   nature of life was in 1978, by American biologist James Grier
   Miller.^[70] Such a general theory, arising out of the ecological and
   biological sciences, attempts to map general principles for how all
   living systems work. Instead of examining phenomena by attempting to
   break things down into component parts, a general living systems theory
   explores phenomena in terms of dynamic patterns of the relationships of
   organisms with their environment.^[71] Robert Rosen (1991) built on
   this by defining a system component as "a unit of organization; a part
   with a function, i.e., a definite relation between part and whole."
   From this and other starting concepts, he developed a "relational
   theory of systems" that attempts to explain the special properties of
   life. Specifically, he identified the "nonfractionability of components
   in an organism" as the fundamental difference between living systems
   and "biological machines."^[72]

   A systems view of life treats environmental fluxes and biological
   fluxes together as a "reciprocity of influence",^[73] and a reciprocal
   relation with environment is arguably as important for understanding
   life as it is for understanding ecosystems. As Harold J. Morowitz
   (1992) explains it, life is a property of an ecological system rather
   than a single organism or species.^[74] He argues that an ecosystemic
   definition of life is preferable to a strictly biochemical or physical
   one. Robert Ulanowicz (2009) highlights mutualism as the key to
   understand the systemic, order-generating behavior of life and
   ecosystems.^[75]

   Complex systems biology (CSB) is a field of science that studies the
   emergence of complexity in functional organisms from the viewpoint of
   dynamic systems theory.^[76] The latter is often called also systems
   biology and aims to understand the most fundamental aspects of life. A
   closely related approach to CSB and systems biology, called relational
   biology,^[77]^[78] is concerned mainly with understanding life
   processes in terms of the most important relations, and categories of
   such relations among the essential functional components of organisms;
   for multicellular organisms, this has been defined as "categorical
   biology", or a model representation of organisms as a category theory
   of biological relations, and also an algebraic topology of the
   functional organization of living organisms in terms of their dynamic,
   complex networks of metabolic, genetic, epigenetic processes and
   signaling pathways.^[citation needed]

   It has also been argued that the evolution of order in living systems
   and certain physical systems obey a common fundamental principle termed
   the Darwinian dynamic.^[79]^[80] The Darwinian dynamic was formulated
   by first considering how macroscopic order is generated in a simple
   non-biological system far from thermodynamic equilibrium, and then
   extending consideration to short, replicating RNA molecules. The
   underlying order generating process for both types of system was
   concluded to be basically similar.^[81]

   Another systemic definition, called the Operator theory, proposes that
   'life is a general term for the presence of the typical closures found
   in organisms; the typical closures are a membrane and an autocatalytic
   set in the cell',^[82] and also proposes that an organism is 'any
   system with an organisation that complies with an operator type that is
   at least as complex as the cell.^[83]^[84]^[85]^[86] Life can also be
   modeled as a network of inferior negative feedbacks of regulatory
   mechanisms subordinated to a superior positive feedback formed by the
   potential of expansion and reproduction.^[87]

Origin

   Main article: Abiogenesis

   Evidence suggests that life on Earth has existed for at least
   3.5 billion years,^[6]^[7]^[8]^[88] with the oldest physical traces of
   life dating back 3.7 billion years.^[9]^[10]^[11] All known life forms
   share fundamental molecular mechanisms, reflecting their common
   descent; based on these observations, hypotheses on the origin of life
   attempt to find a mechanism explaining the formation of a universal
   common ancestor, from simple organic molecules via pre-cellular life to
   protocells and metabolism. Models have been divided into "genes-first"
   and "metabolism-first" categories, but a recent trend is the emergence
   of hybrid models that combine both categories.^[89]

   There is no current scientific consensus as to how life originated.
   However, most accepted scientific models build on the following
   observations:
     * The Miller–Urey experiment, and the work of Sidney Fox, show that
       conditions on the primitive Earth favored chemical reactions that
       synthesize amino acids and other organic compounds from inorganic
       precursors.^[90]
     * Phospholipids spontaneously form lipid bilayers, the basic
       structure of a cell membrane.

   Living organisms synthesize proteins, which are polymers of amino acids
   using instructions encoded by deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Protein
   synthesis entails intermediary ribonucleic acid (RNA) polymers. One
   possibility for how life began is that genes originated first, followed
   by proteins;^[91] the alternative being that proteins came first and
   then genes.^[92]

   However, since genes and proteins are both required to produce the
   other, the problem of considering which came first is like that of the
   chicken or the egg. Most scientists have adopted the hypothesis that
   because of this, it is unlikely that genes and proteins arose
   independently.^[93]

   Therefore, a possibility, first suggested by Francis Crick,^[94] is
   that the first life was based on RNA,^[93] which has the DNA-like
   properties of information storage and the catalytic properties of some
   proteins. This is called the RNA world hypothesis, and it is supported
   by the observation that many of the most critical components of cells
   (those that evolve the slowest) are composed mostly or entirely of RNA.
   Also, many critical cofactors (ATP, Acetyl-CoA, NADH, etc.) are either
   nucleotides or substances clearly related to them. The catalytic
   properties of RNA had not yet been demonstrated when the hypothesis was
   first proposed,^[95] but they were confirmed by Thomas Cech in
   1986.^[96]

   One issue with the RNA world hypothesis is that synthesis of RNA from
   simple inorganic precursors is more difficult than for other organic
   molecules. One reason for this is that RNA precursors are very stable
   and react with each other very slowly under ambient conditions, and it
   has also been proposed that living organisms consisted of other
   molecules before RNA.^[97] However, the successful synthesis of certain
   RNA molecules under the conditions that existed prior to life on Earth
   has been achieved by adding alternative precursors in a specified order
   with the precursor phosphate present throughout the reaction.^[98] This
   study makes the RNA world hypothesis more plausible.^[99]

   Geological findings in 2013 showed that reactive phosphorus species
   (like phosphite) were in abundance in the ocean before 3.5 Ga, and that
   Schreibersite easily reacts with aqueous glycerol to generate phosphite
   and glycerol 3-phosphate.^[100] It is hypothesized that
   Schreibersite-containing meteorites from the Late Heavy Bombardment
   could have provided early reduced phosphorus, which could react with
   prebiotic organic molecules to form phosphorylated biomolecules, like
   RNA.

   In 2009, experiments demonstrated Darwinian evolution of a
   two-component system of RNA enzymes (ribozymes) in vitro.^[101] The
   work was performed in the laboratory of Gerald Joyce, who stated, "This
   is the first example, outside of biology, of evolutionary adaptation in
   a molecular genetic system."^[102]

   Prebiotic compounds may have extraterrestrial origin. NASA findings in
   2011, based on studies with meteorites found on Earth, suggest DNA and
   RNA components (adenine, guanine and related organic molecules) may be
   formed in outer space.^[103]^[104]^[105]^[106]

Conditions

   Cyanobacteria dramatically changed the composition of life forms on
   Earth by leading to the near-extinction of oxygen-intolerant organisms.

   The diversity of life on Earth is a result of the dynamic interplay
   between genetic opportunity, metabolic capability, environmental
   challenges,^[107] and symbiosis.^[108]^[109]^[110] For most of its
   existence, Earth's habitable environment has been dominated by
   microorganisms and subjected to their metabolism and evolution. As a
   consequence of these microbial activities, the physical-chemical
   environment on Earth has been changing on a geologic time scale,
   thereby affecting the path of evolution of subsequent life.^[107] For
   example, the release of molecular oxygen by cyanobacteria as a
   by-product of photosynthesis induced global changes in the Earth's
   environment. Since oxygen was toxic to most life on Earth at the time,
   this posed novel evolutionary challenges, and ultimately resulted in
   the formation of our planet's major animal and plant species. This
   interplay between organisms and their environment is an inherent
   feature of living systems.^[107]

   All life forms require certain core chemical elements needed for
   biochemical functioning. These include carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen,
   oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur—the elemental macronutrients for all
   organisms^[111]—often represented by the acronym CHNOPS. Together these
   make up nucleic acids, proteins and lipids, the bulk of living matter.
   Five of these six elements comprise the chemical components of DNA, the
   exception being sulfur. The latter is a component of the amino acids
   cysteine and methionine. The most biologically abundant of these
   elements is carbon, which has the desirable attribute of forming
   multiple, stable covalent bonds. This allows carbon-based (organic)
   molecules to form an immense variety of chemical arrangements.^[112]
   Alternative hypothetical types of biochemistry have been proposed that
   eliminate one or more of these elements, swap out an element for one
   not on the list, or change required chiralities or other chemical
   properties.^[113]^[114]

Range of tolerance

   The inert components of an ecosystem are the physical and chemical
   factors necessary for life — energy (sunlight or chemical energy),
   water, temperature, atmosphere, gravity, nutrients, and ultraviolet
   solar radiation protection.^[115] In most ecosystems, the conditions
   vary during the day and from one season to the next. To live in most
   ecosystems, then, organisms must be able to survive a range of
   conditions, called the "range of tolerance."^[116] Outside that are the
   "zones of physiological stress", where the survival and reproduction
   are possible but not optimal. Beyond these zones are the "zones of
   intolerance", where survival and reproduction of that organism is
   unlikely or impossible. Organisms that have a wide range of tolerance
   are more widely distributed than organisms with a narrow range of
   tolerance.^[116]
   Deinococcus radiodurans is an extremophile that can resist extremes of
   cold, dehydration, vacuum, acid, and radiation exposure.

   To survive, selected microorganisms can assume forms that enable them
   to withstand freezing, complete desiccation, starvation, high levels of
   radiation exposure, and other physical or chemical challenges. These
   microorganisms may survive exposure to such conditions for weeks,
   months, years, or even centuries.^[107] Extremophiles are microbial
   life forms that thrive outside the ranges where life is commonly found.
   They excel at exploiting uncommon sources of energy. While all
   organisms are composed of nearly identical molecules, evolution has
   enabled such microbes to cope with this wide range of physical and
   chemical conditions. Characterization of the structure and metabolic
   diversity of microbial communities in such extreme environments is
   ongoing.^[117]

   On 17 March 2013, researchers reported data that suggested microbial
   life forms thrive in the Mariana Trench, the deepest spot on the
   Earth.^[118]^[119] Other researchers reported related studies that
   microbes thrive inside rocks up to 1900 feet below the sea floor under
   8500 feet of ocean off the coast of the northwestern United
   States.^[118]^[120] According to one of the researchers,"You can find
   microbes everywhere — they're extremely adaptable to conditions, and
   survive wherever they are."^[118]

   Investigation of the tenacity and versatility of life on Earth, as well
   as an understanding of the molecular systems that some organisms
   utilize to survive such extremes, is important for the search for life
   beyond Earth.^[107] In April 2012, scientists reported that lichen
   could survive for a month in a simulated Martian
   environment.^[121]^[122]

Form and function

   Cells are the basic unit of structure in every living thing, and all
   cells arise from pre-existing cells by division. Cell theory was
   formulated by Henri Dutrochet, Theodor Schwann, Rudolf Virchow and
   others during the early nineteenth century, and subsequently became
   widely accepted.^[123] The activity of an organism depends on the total
   activity of its cells, with energy flow occurring within and between
   them. Cells contain hereditary information that is carried forward as a
   genetic code during cell division.^[124]

   There are two primary types of cells. Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and
   other membrane-bound organelles, although they have circular DNA and
   ribosomes. Bacteria and Archaea are two domains of prokaryotes. The
   other primary type of cells are the eukaryotes, which have distinct
   nuclei bound by a nuclear membrane and membrane-bound organelles,
   including mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes, rough and smooth
   endoplasmic reticulum, and vacuoles. In addition, they possess
   organized chromosomes that store genetic material. All species of large
   complex organisms are eukaryotes, including animals, plants and fungi,
   though most species of eukaryote are protist microorganisms.^[125] The
   conventional model is that eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes, with
   the main organelles of the eukaryotes forming through endosymbiosis
   between bacteria and the progenitor eukaryotic cell.^[126]

   The molecular mechanisms of cell biology are based on proteins. Most of
   these are synthesized by the ribosomes through an enzyme-catalyzed
   process called protein biosynthesis. A sequence of amino acids is
   assembled and joined together based upon gene expression of the cell's
   nucleic acid.^[127] In eukaryotic cells, these proteins may then be
   transported and processed through the Golgi apparatus in preparation
   for dispatch to their destination.

   Cells reproduce through a process of cell division in which the parent
   cell divides into two or more daughter cells. For prokaryotes, cell
   division occurs through a process of fission in which the DNA is
   replicated, then the two copies are attached to parts of the cell
   membrane. In eukaryotes, a more complex process of mitosis is followed.
   However, the end result is the same; the resulting cell copies are
   identical to each other and to the original cell (except for
   mutations), and both are capable of further division following an
   interphase period.^[128]

   Multicellular organisms may have first evolved through the formation of
   colonies of like cells. These cells can form group organisms through
   cell adhesion. The individual members of a colony are capable of
   surviving on their own, whereas the members of a true multi-cellular
   organism have developed specialties, making them dependent on the
   remainder of the organism for survival. Such organisms are formed
   clonally or from a single germ cell that is capable of forming the
   various specialized cells that form the adult organism. This
   specialization allows multicellular organisms to exploit resources more
   efficiently than single cells.^[129]

   Cells have evolved methods to perceive and respond to their
   microenvironment, thereby enhancing their adaptability. Cell signaling
   coordinates cellular activities, and hence governs the basic functions
   of multicellular organisms. Signaling between cells can occur through
   direct cell contact using juxtacrine signalling, or indirectly through
   the exchange of agents as in the endocrine system. In more complex
   organisms, coordination of activities can occur through a dedicated
   nervous system.^[130]

Classification

   Main article: Biological classification
   [LINK]-[USEMAP:150px-Biological_classification_L_Pengo_vflip.svg.png]
   The hierarchy of biological classification's eight major taxonomic
   ranks. Life is divided into domains, which are subdivided into further
   groups. Intermediate minor rankings are not shown.

   The first known attempt to classify organisms was conducted by the
   Greek philosopher Aristotle (384–322 BC), who classified all living
   organisms known at that time as either a plant or an animal, based
   mainly on their ability to move. He also distinguished animals with
   blood from animals without blood (or at least without red blood), which
   can be compared with the concepts of vertebrates and invertebrates
   respectively, and divided the blooded animals into five groups:
   viviparous quadrupeds (mammals), oviparous quadrupeds (reptiles and
   amphibians), birds, fishes and whales. The bloodless animals were also
   divided into five groups: cephalopods, crustaceans, insects (which
   included the spiders, scorpions, and centipedes, in addition to what we
   define as insects today), shelled animals (such as most molluscs and
   echinoderms) and "zoophytes." Though Aristotle's work in zoology was
   not without errors, it was the grandest biological synthesis of the
   time and remained the ultimate authority for many centuries after his
   death.^[131]

   The exploration of the American continent revealed large numbers of new
   plants and animals that needed descriptions and classification. In the
   latter part of the 16th century and the beginning of the 17th, careful
   study of animals commenced and was gradually extended until it formed a
   sufficient body of knowledge to serve as an anatomical basis for
   classification. In the late 1740s, Carolus Linnaeus introduced his
   system of binomial nomenclature for the classification of
   species.^[132] Linnaeus attempted to improve the composition and reduce
   the length of the previously used many-worded names by abolishing
   unnecessary rhetoric, introducing new descriptive terms and precisely
   defining their meaning. By consistently using this system, Linnaeus
   separated nomenclature from taxonomy.

   The fungi were originally treated as plants. For a short period
   Linnaeus had classified them in the taxon Vermes in Animalia, but later
   placed them back in Plantae. Copeland classified the Fungi in his
   Protoctista, thus partially avoiding the problem but acknowledging
   their special status.^[133] The problem was eventually solved by
   Whittaker, when he gave them their own kingdom in his five-kingdom
   system. Evolutionary history shows that the fungi are more closely
   related to animals than to plants.^[134]

   As new discoveries enabled detailed study of cells and microorganisms,
   new groups of life were revealed, and the fields of cell biology and
   microbiology were created. These new organisms were originally
   described separately in protozoa as animals and protophyta/thallophyta
   as plants, but were united by Haeckel in the kingdom Protista; later,
   the prokaryotes were split off in the kingdom Monera, which would
   eventually be divided into two separate groups, the Bacteria and the
   Archaea. This led to the six-kingdom system and eventually to the
   current three-domain system, which is based on evolutionary
   relationships.^[135] However, the classification of eukaryotes,
   especially of protists, is still controversial.^[136]

   As microbiology, molecular biology and virology developed, non-cellular
   reproducing agents were discovered, such as viruses and viroids.
   Whether these are considered alive has been a matter of debate; viruses
   lack characteristics of life such as cell membranes, metabolism and the
   ability to grow or respond to their environments. Viruses can still be
   classed into "species" based on their biology and genetics, but many
   aspects of such a classification remain controversial.^[137]

   In the 1960s a trend called cladistics emerged, arranging taxa based on
   clades in an evolutionary or phylogenetic tree.^[138]
   Linnaeus
   1735^[139] Haeckel
   1866^[140] Chatton
   1925^[141] Copeland
   1938^[133] Whittaker
   1969^[142] Woese et al.
   1990^[135] Cavalier-Smith
   1998^[143]
   2 kingdoms 3 kingdoms 2 empires 4 kingdoms 5 kingdoms 3 domains 6
   kingdoms
   (not treated) Protista Prokaryota Monera Monera Bacteria Bacteria
   Archaea
   Eukaryota Protoctista Protista Eucarya Protozoa
   Chromista
   Vegetabilia Plantae Plantae Plantae Plantae
   Fungi Fungi
   Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia
   Main article: Kingdom (biology) § Summary

Extraterrestrial life

   Main articles: Extraterrestrial life, Astrobiology, Astroecology and
   Life in the solar system
   Panspermia hypothesis showing bacteria being carried to Earth by a
   comet

   Earth is the only planet known to harbor life. Other locations within
   the Solar System that may host life include subsurface Mars, the
   atmosphere of Venus,^[144] and subsurface oceans on some of the moons
   of the gas giant planets.^[145] The variables of the Drake equation are
   used to discuss the conditions in solar systems where civilization is
   most likely to exist.^[146]

   The region around a main sequence star that could support Earth-like
   life on an Earth-like planet is known as the habitable zone. The inner
   and outer radii of this zone vary with the luminosity of the star, as
   does the time interval during which the zone survives. Stars more
   massive than the Sun have a larger habitable zone, but remain on the
   main sequence for a shorter time interval. Small red dwarf stars have
   the opposite problem, with a smaller habitable zone that is subject to
   higher levels of magnetic activity and the effects of tidal locking
   from close orbits. Hence, stars in the intermediate mass range such as
   the Sun may have a greater likelihood for Earth-like life to
   develop.^[147] The location of the star within a galaxy may also have
   an impact on the likelihood of life forming. Stars in regions with a
   greater abundance of heavier elements that can form planets, in
   combination with a low rate of potentially habitat-damaging supernova
   events, are predicted to have a higher probability of hosting planets
   with complex life.^[148]

   Panspermia, also called exogenesis, is the hypothesis that life
   originated elsewhere in the universe and subsequently transferred to
   Earth in the form of spores via meteorites, comets, or cosmic dust.
   Conversely, terrestrial life may be seeded in other solar systems
   through directed panspermia, to secure and expand some terrestrial life
   forms.^[39]^[40]^[43] Astroecology experiments with meteorites show
   that Martian asteroids and cometary materials are rich in inorganic
   elements and may be fertile soils for microbial, algal and plant life,
   for past and future life in our and other solar systems.^[149]

Research

   This article needs editing for compliance with Wikipedia's Manual of
   Style. Please improve this article if you can. (January 2015)
   See also: List of molecules in interstellar space

   In 2004, scientists reported^[150] detecting the spectral signatures of
   anthracene and pyrene in the ultraviolet light emitted by the Red
   Rectangle nebula (no other such complex molecules had ever been found
   before in outer space). This discovery was considered a confirmation of
   a hypothesis that as nebulae of the same type as the Red Rectangle
   approach the ends of their lives, convection currents cause carbon and
   hydrogen in the nebulae's core to get caught in stellar winds, and
   radiate outward.^[151] As they cool, the atoms supposedly bond to each
   other in various ways and eventually form particles of a million or
   more atoms. The scientists inferred^[150] that since they discovered
   polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)—which may have been vital in
   the formation of early life on Earth—in a nebula, by necessity they
   must originate in nebulae.^[151]

   In August 2009, NASA scientists identified one of the fundamental
   chemical building-blocks of life (the amino acid glycine) in a comet
   for the first time.^[152]

   In 2010, fullerenes (or "buckyballs") were detected in nebulae.^[153]
   Fullerenes have been implicated in the origin of life; according to
   astronomer Letizia Stanghellini, "It's possible that buckyballs from
   outer space provided seeds for life on Earth."^[154]

   In August 2011, findings by NASA, based on studies of meteorites found
   on Earth, suggests DNA and RNA components (adenine, guanine and related
   organic molecules), building blocks for life as we know it, may be
   formed extraterrestrially in outer space.^[103]^[104]^[105]

   In October 2011, scientists found using spectroscopy that cosmic dust
   contains complex organic matter ("amorphous organic solids with a mixed
   aromatic–aliphatic structure") that could be created naturally, and
   rapidly, by stars.^[155]^[156]^[157] The compounds are so complex that
   their chemical structures resemble the makeup of coal and petroleum;
   such chemical complexity was previously thought to arise only from
   living organisms.^[155] These observations suggest that organic
   compounds introduced on Earth by interstellar dust particles could
   serve as basic ingredients for life due to their surface-catalytic
   activities.^[106]^[158] One of the scientists suggested that these
   compounds may have been related to the development of life on Earth and
   said that, "If this is the case, life on Earth may have had an easier
   time getting started as these organics can serve as basic ingredients
   for life."^[155]

   In August 2012, astronomers at Copenhagen University reported the
   detection of a specific sugar molecule, glycolaldehyde, in a distant
   star system. The molecule was found around the protostellar binary IRAS
   16293-2422, which is located 400 light years from Earth.^[159]^[160]
   Glycolaldehyde is needed to form ribonucleic acid, or RNA, which is
   similar in function to DNA. This finding suggests that complex organic
   molecules may form in stellar systems prior to the formation of
   planets, eventually arriving on young planets early in their
   formation.^[161]

   In September 2012, NASA scientists reported that polycyclic aromatic
   hydrocarbons (PAHs), subjected to interstellar medium (ISM) conditions,
   are transformed, through hydrogenation, oxygenation and hydroxylation,
   to more complex organics - "a step along the path toward amino acids
   and nucleotides, the raw materials of proteins and DNA,
   respectively".^[162]^[163] Further, as a result of these
   transformations, the PAHs lose their spectroscopic signature which
   could be one of the reasons "for the lack of PAH detection in
   interstellar ice grains, particularly the outer regions of cold, dense
   clouds or the upper molecular layers of protoplanetary
   disks."^[162]^[163]

   In June 2013, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were detected in
   the upper atmosphere of Titan, the largest moon of the planet
   Saturn.^[164]

   In 2013, the Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA Project) confirmed
   that researchers have discovered an important pair of prebiotic
   molecules in the icy particles in interstellar space (ISM). The
   chemicals, found in a giant cloud of gas about 25,000 light-years from
   Earth in ISM, may be a precursor to a key component of DNA and the
   other may have a role in the formation of an important amino acid.
   Researchers found a molecule called cyanomethanimine, which produces
   adenine, one of the four nucleobases that form the "rungs" in the
   ladder-like structure of DNA. The other molecule, called ethanamine, is
   thought to play a role in forming alanine, one of the twenty amino
   acids in the genetic code. Previously, scientists thought such
   processes took place in the very tenuous gas between the stars. The new
   discoveries, however, suggest that the chemical formation sequences for
   these molecules occurred not in gas, but on the surfaces of ice grains
   in interstellar space.^[165] NASA ALMA scientist Anthony Remijan stated
   that finding these molecules in an interstellar gas cloud means that
   important building blocks for DNA and amino acids can 'seed' newly
   formed planets with the chemical precursors for life.^[166]

   In January 2014, NASA reported that current studies on the planet Mars
   by the Curiosity and Opportunity rovers will now be searching for
   evidence of ancient life, including a biosphere based on autotrophic,
   chemotrophic and/or chemolithoautotrophic microorganisms, as well as
   ancient water, including fluvio-lacustrine environments (plains related
   to ancient rivers or lakes) that may have been
   habitable.^[167]^[168]^[169]^[170] The search for evidence of
   habitability, taphonomy (related to fossils), and organic carbon on the
   planet Mars is now a primary NASA objective.^[167]

   In February 2014, NASA announced a greatly upgraded database for
   tracking polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the universe.
   According to scientists, more than 20% of the carbon in the universe
   may be associated with PAHs, possible starting materials for the
   formation of life. PAHs seem to have been formed shortly after the Big
   Bang, are widespread throughout the universe, and are associated with
   new stars and exoplanets.^[171]

Death

   Main article: Death
   Animal corpses, like this African buffalo, are recycled by the
   ecosystem, providing energy and nutrients for living creatures

   Death is the permanent termination of all vital functions or life
   processes in an organism or cell.^[172]^[173] It can occur as a result
   of an accident, medical conditions, biological interaction,
   malnutrition, poisoning, senescence, or suicide. After death, the
   remains of an organism re-enter the biogeochemical cycle. Organisms may
   be consumed by a predator or a scavenger and leftover organic material
   may then be further decomposed by detritivores, organisms that recycle
   detritus, returning it to the environment for reuse in the food chain.

   One of the challenges in defining death is in distinguishing it from
   life. Death would seem to refer to either the moment life ends, or when
   the state that follows life begins.^[173] However, determining when
   death has occurred requires drawing precise conceptual boundaries
   between life and death. This is problematic, however, because there is
   little consensus over how to define life. The nature of death has for
   millennia been a central concern of the world's religious traditions
   and of philosophical inquiry. Many religions maintain faith in either a
   kind of afterlife or reincarnation for the soul, or resurrection of the
   body at a later date.

   Extinction is the process by which a group of taxa or species dies out,
   reducing biodiversity.^[174] The moment of extinction is generally
   considered the death of the last individual of that species. Because a
   species' potential range may be very large, determining this moment is
   difficult, and is usually done retrospectively after a period of
   apparent absence. Species become extinct when they are no longer able
   to survive in changing habitat or against superior competition. In
   Earth's history, over 99% of all the species that have ever lived have
   gone extinct;^[175] however, mass extinctions may have accelerated
   evolution by providing opportunities for new groups of organisms to
   diversify.^[176]

   Fossils are the preserved remains or traces of animals, plants, and
   other organisms from the remote past. The totality of fossils, both
   discovered and undiscovered, and their placement in fossil-containing
   rock formations and sedimentary layers (strata) is known as the fossil
   record. A preserved specimen is called a fossil if it is older than the
   arbitrary date of 10,000 years ago.^[177] Hence, fossils range in age
   from the youngest at the start of the Holocene Epoch to the oldest from
   the Archaean Eon, up to 3.4 billion years old.^[178]^[179]

Artificial life

   Main articles: Artificial life and Synthetic biology

   Artificial life is a field of study that examines systems related to
   life, its processes, and its evolution through simulations using
   computer models, robotics, and biochemistry.^[180] The study of
   artificial life imitates traditional biology by recreating some aspects
   of biological phenomena. Scientists study the logic of living systems
   by creating artificial environments—seeking to understand the complex
   information processing that defines such systems. While life is, by
   definition, alive, artificial life is generally referred to as data
   confined to a digital environment and existence.

   Synthetic biology is a new area of biological research and technology
   that combines science and biological engineering. The common goal is
   the design and construction of new biological functions and systems not
   found in nature. Synthetic biology includes the broad redefinition and
   expansion of biotechnology, with the ultimate goals of being able to
   design and build engineered biological systems that process
   information, manipulate chemicals, fabricate materials and structures,
   produce energy, provide food, and maintain and enhance human health and
   our environment.^[181]

See also

     * Alpha taxonomy
     * Astroecology
     * Biological organisation
     * Biosignature
     * Chronobiology
     * Conway's Game of Life
     * Constructal law
     * Evolutionary history of life
     * Life on Mars

     * Life skills
     * Lists of organisms by population
     * Meaning of life
     * Non-cellular life
     * Personal life
     * Phylogenetics
     * Quality of life

Notes

    1. ^ The 'evolution' of viruses and other similar forms is still
       uncertain. Therefore, this classification may be paraphyletic
       because cellular life might have evolved from non-cellular life, or
       polyphyletic because the most recent common ancestor might not be
       included.

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       doi:10.1088/2041-8205/765/1/L9.
   166. ^ Finley, Dave, Discoveries Suggest Icy Cosmic Start for Amino
       Acids and DNA Ingredients, The National Radio Astronomy
       Observatory, Feb. 28, 2013
   167. ^ ^a ^b Grotzinger, John P. (January 24, 2014). "Introduction to
       Special Issue - Habitability, Taphonomy, and the Search for Organic
       Carbon on Mars". Science 343 (6169): 386–387.
       Bibcode:2014Sci...343..386G. doi:10.1126/science.1249944. Retrieved
       January 24, 2014.
   168. ^ Various (January 24, 2014). "Special Issue - Table of Contents -
       Exploring Martian Habitability". Science 343 (6169): 345–452.
       Retrieved 24 January 2014.
   169. ^ Various (January 24, 2014). "Special Collection - Curiosity -
       Exploring Martian Habitability". Science. Retrieved January 24,
       2014.
   170. ^ Grotzinger, J. P. et al. (January 24, 2014). "A Habitable
       Fluvio-Lacustrine Environment at Yellowknife Bay, Gale Crater,
       Mars". Science 343 (6169): 1242777. doi:10.1126/science.1242777.
       Retrieved January 24, 2014.
   171. ^ Hoover, Rachel (February 21, 2014). "Need to Track Organic
       Nano-Particles Across the Universe? NASA's Got an App for That".
       NASA. Retrieved February 22, 2014.
   172. ^ Definition of death. Archived from the original on 2009-10-31.
   173. ^ ^a ^b "Definition of death". Encyclopedia of Death and Dying.
       Advameg, Inc. Retrieved 2012-05-25.
   174. ^ Extinction – definition. Archived from the original on
       2009-10-31.
   175. ^ "What is an extinction?". Late Triassic. Bristol University.
       Retrieved 27 June 2012.
   176. ^ Van Valkenburgh, B. (1999). "Major patterns in the history of
       carnivorous mammals". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences
       27: 463–493. Bibcode:1999AREPS..27..463V.
       doi:10.1146/annurev.earth.27.1.463.
   177. ^ "Frequently asked questions". San Diego Natural History Museum.
       Retrieved 2012-05-25.
   178. ^ Vastag, Brian (August 21, 2011). "Oldest 'microfossils' raise
       hopes for life on Mars". The Washington Post. Retrieved
       2011-08-21.
   179. ^ Wade, Nicholas (August 21, 2011). "Geological Team Lays Claim to
       Oldest Known Fossils". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-08-21.
   180. ^ "Dictionary.com definition". Retrieved 2007-01-19.
   181. ^ Chopra, Paras; Akhil Kamma. "Engineering life through Synthetic
       Biology". In Silico Biology 6. Retrieved 2008-06-09.

Further reading

     * Kauffman, Stuart. The Adjacent Possible: A Talk with Stuart
       Kauffman
     * Seeding the Universe With Life Legacy Books, Washington D. C.,
       2000, ISBN 0-476-00330-X
     * Walker, Martin G. LIFE! Why We Exist...And What We Must Do to
       Survive Dog Ear Publishing, 2006, ISBN 1-59858-243-7
     * Adrian Bejan, Sylvie Lorente, The constructal law and the evolution
       of design in nature, Physics of Life Reviews, Volume 8, Issue 3,
       October 2011, Pages 209-240, ISSN 1571-0645, [1]

External links

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   link = Nitrous oxide
   link = Ethanol
   link = Buckminsterfullerene
   Triatomic
     * Aluminium hydroxide
     * Aluminium isocyanide
     * Amino radical
     * Carbon dioxide
     * Carbonyl sulfide
     * CCP radical
     * Chloronium
     * Diazenylium
     * Dicarbon monoxide
     * Ethynyl radical
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     * Thioformyl
     * Thioxoethenylidene
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     * Water

   Four atoms
     * Acetylene
     * Ammonia
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     * Cyclopropynylidyne
     * Formaldehyde
     * Fulminic acid
     * HCCN
     * Hydrogen peroxide
     * Hydromagnesium isocyanide
     * Isocyanic acid
     * Isothiocyanic acid
     * Methylene amidogen
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     * Protonated carbon dioxide
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     * Silicon tricarbide
     * Thioformaldehyde
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     * Thiocyanic acid

   Five atoms
     * Ammonium Ion
     * Butadiynyl
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     * Cyanoacetylene
     * Cyanoformaldehyde
     * Cyanomethyl
     * Cyclopropenylidene
     * Formic acid
     * Isocyanoacetylene
     * Ketene
     * Methane
     * Methoxy radical
     * Methylenimine
     * Propadienylidene
     * Protonated formaldehyde
     * Protonated formaldehyde
     * Silane
     * Silicon-carbide cluster

   Six atoms
     * Acetonitrile
     * Cyanobutadiynyl radical
     * E-Cyanomethanimine
     * Cyclopropenone
     * Diacetylene
     * Ethylene
     * Formamide
     * HC[4]N
     * Ketenimine
     * Methanethiol
     * Methanol
     * Methyl isocyanide
     * Pentynylidyne
     * Propynal
     * Protonated cyanoacetylene

   Seven atoms
     * Acetaldehyde
     * Acrylonitrile
     * Cyanodiacetylene
     * Ethylene oxide
     * Hexatriynyl radical
     * Methylacetylene
     * Methylamine
     * Vinyl alcohol

   Eight atoms
     * Acetic acid
     * Aminoacetonitrile
     * Cyanoallene
     * Ethanimine
     * Glycolaldehyde
     * Heptatrienyl radical
     * Hexapentaenylidene
     * Methylcyanoacetylene
     * Methyl formate
     * Propenal

   Nine atoms
     * Acetamide
     * Cyanohexatriyne
     * Cyanotriacetylene
     * Dimethyl ether
     * Ethanol
     * Methyldiacetylene
     * Octatetraynyl radical
     * Propene
     * Propionitrile

   Ten atoms
   or more
     * Acetone
     * Benzene
     * Buckminsterfullerene (C[60] fullerene) ("bucky-ball")
     * C[70] fullerene
     * Cyanodecapentayne
     * Cyanopentaacetylene
     * Cyanotetra-acetylene
     * Ethylene glycol
     * Ethyl formate
     * Methyl acetate
     * Methyl-cyano-diacetylene
     * Methyltriacetylene
     * Propanal
     * n-Propyl cyanide

   Deuterated
   molecules
     * Ammonia
     * Ammonium ion
     * Formaldehyde
     * Formyl radical
     * Heavy water
     * Hydrogen cyanide
     * Hydrogen deuteride
     * Hydrogen isocyanide
     * Methylacetylene
     * N[2]D^+
     * Trihydrogen cation

   Unconfirmed
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     * Dihydroxyacetone
     * Ethyl methyl ether
     * Glycine
     * Graphene
     * H[2]NCO^+
     * Linear C[5]
     * Naphthalene cation
     * Phosphine
     * Pyrene
     * Silylidine

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     * Wildlife Photographer of the Year: 10 January - 19 April 2015
       Wildlife Photographer of the Year: 10 January - 19 April 2015
       The world’s most prestigious showcase of wildlife photography
       returns to Life Science Centre.
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     * Skating@Life: 8 November - 22 February 2015
       Skating@Life: 8 November - 22 February 2015
       Newcastle's only outdoor ice rink returns to Times Square. Combine
       a skate on the ice rink with a trip on our 4D Motion Ride.
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     * Maker Faire UK 2015 - tickets on sale now!
       Maker Faire UK 2015 - tickets on sale now!
       The greatest show (and tell) on Earth returns to to Life.
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     * Pre-school Day: 27 January 2015
       Pre-school Day: 27 January 2015
       A delightful opportunity for young children to enjoy and explore
       the Science Centre.
       Find out more

Visit the Life Science Centre for fun, educational days out for kids,
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   0.004% of the Earth's history.
   A timeline of Earth's history from 4.6 billion years ago to the
   evolution of the Dinosaurs 225 million years ago.

Elsewhere on the web

     * Tree of life web project (tolweb.org)
     * What is Phylogeny? (tolweb.org)
     * The Hillis Plot [PDF] (zo.utexas.edu)
     * The Encyclopaedia of Life (eol.org)
     * The New Scientist's guide to evolution (newscientist.com)
     * The Natural History Museum's guide to evolution (nhm.ac.uk)
     * The complete works of Charles Darwin (darwin-online.org.uk)
     * Open University's Dawkins on Darwin (www.open2.net)

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Editor's picks

     * Experience: struck by lightning

I was struck by lightning twice
       Beth Peterson: 'I felt myself leaving my body, looking down at
       myself as one of the guards tried to revive me. I felt I had a
       choice, to turn away or to face the pain'
          + Why getting what you want doesn't always make you happy

     * Annalisa Barbieri problem
    Theft by carer
       'She goes to the cashpoint with my mother most days, has taken
       shopping and sums of up to £60 have gone missing. What can I do?'
       Annalisa Barbieri advises a reader
     * Professor Green
    My family values
       Professor Green talks about his nan, who brought him up and still
       comes to his gigs – and how he has found all his happiness in
       relationships
          + Tim Lott's column
     * Triathlete Helen Jenkins keeping up that all-important core
       strength
    Friday flyer
       Triathlete Helen Jenkins on training to AC/DC, a nice burger and
       chips, and how sometimes the hardest thing is putting your shoes on
       and getting out of the door
          + More Friday fliers
     * It knits composite
    It knits
       Statement jumpers, or 'It knits', are in demand – just look at
       Isabel Marant's Samuel jumper, this season's bestseller. Want to
       stand out from the crowd? Have a look at these alternatives

Watch now

     * [crop_KP-74385_640.jpeg]
       [javascript]
    I'm 58 and I've never had an orgasm – video
       In the first video in a new Guardian series, psychotherapist and
       agony aunt Philippa Perry responds to a woman who is suffering from
       anorgasmia and doesn't want to resort to faking it

     * Farah’s ‘In It To Win It’ at the Great North Run - video
       Farah's 'In It To Win It' at the Great North Run - video
       Video (2min 05sec)

     * Americans try haggis for the first time
       Americans try haggis: 'It does taste a little bit like socks' –
       video
       Video (1min 29sec)

     * 140x84 trailpic for Emma Watson: 'Women need to be equal
       participants' - video
       Emma Watson at Davos: address gender inequality – video
       Video (4min 06sec)

     * 140x84 trailpic for Golden Globes fashion Golden Globes 2015: red
       carpet fashion - video
       Video (2min 01sec)

Food & drink

     * Tonkotsu ramen.
    Are noodles out of foodie fashion?
       Michael Booth: American chef David Chang has bemoaned the recent
       ramen boom, claiming the dish has now become 'the very
       establishment it once stood against'. Is he just off his noodle?
     * The perfect vegetarian haggis
       Felicity Cloake: Is a veggie version of an offal dish an
       abomination – or infinitely preferable to the real thing? And if
       you don't like haggis, which other Scottish specialities will you
       be serving up on Burns Night?
          + Packed lunch ideas for Burns Night

Fashion & beauty

     * A model in 1925.
    Are models too skinny? The debate fashion has been having since 1900
       Controversy about fashion models and their body shape has been
       raging for over a century. And the argument about how it affects
       body image and self-esteem is just as old, says a professor of
       fashion history
     * It's Kate Moss's birthday!
       Quiz: Britain's most party prone supermodel turns 41 today – and if
       anyone knows how to celebrate their birthday in style, it is she.
       But how much do you know about her most fabulous bashes?
          + How to wear denim like Alexa Chung

Guardian shop

     * leaf blower - guardianoffers - promo
       Get your garden ready for autumn
       Keep your garden tidy with this 3 in 1 leaf blower, vac and
       shredder. Just £79.99.
       Learn more and buy

     * CommPromoLavender
       Lavender munstead
       Each plant makes a fragrant Lavender bush. From only £8.99 for 12
       at the Guardian garden centre.

     * food processor - guardianoffers - promo
       Chop, knead, slice
       This multi- function food processor is perfect for creating soups
       and smoothies. Just £59.99.
       Learn more and buy

     * daylightlamp-guardianessentials - promo
       Brighten up your home
       This daylight effect lamp creates the perfect lighting for reading
       and studying. £49.99.
       Learn more and buy

Women

     * The Voice 2015
    It's time to stop blaming women for having breasts
       Women who choose to wear clothing that reveals their cleavages are
       scorned by a hypocritical press – and accused of provoking
       assaults, says Laura Bates
          + #ItAintRape: six common misconceptions about sexual violence
     * Women, it's time to act your age
       Crowe says women his age in Hollywood miss out on roles because
       they insist on being cast as 21-year-old ingenues – what a load of
       old hat, writes Nosheen Iqbal

Health and wellbeing

     * What really thinking: weltschmerz
    It's time to dust off the word weltschmerz
       'Unlike angst or ennui, weltschmerz springs precisely from seeing
       that things could and should be better,' says Oliver Burkeman
          + What's the real joy of giving?
     * Meditation may prevent absenteeism by stressed public servants, MPs
       claim
       Inquiry finds public servants may be less likely to burn out if
       they use mindfulness techniques to control anxiety and depression

Notes and queries

     *

Is it better to be needed or to be wanted?
       Readers answer other readers’ questions on subjects ranging from
       trivial flights of fancy to profound scientific concepts
     *

Christian Bale, Russell Crowe: who should play the next Bible hero or
heroine?
       Readers answer other readers’ questions on subjects ranging from
       trivial flights of fancy to profound scientific concepts
     *

How do we know that no two snowflakes are identical?
       Readers answer other readers’ questions on subjects ranging from
       trivial flights of fancy to profound scientific concepts

Family and relationships

     * Christian Jessen
    It's good to talk about secret stuff
       The TV doctor Christian Jesson opens up on the bodily functions and
       problems that make young people cringe
     * The joy of being an older mother
       Officially you are an 'elderly primigravida' after the age of 35,
       but with age comes wisdom – and a sense of humour

Homes & gardens

     * Homes: attic
    Interiors: up, up and away
       When they ran out of room, this architect couple made for the
       attic. Jacky Parker steps into a home crammed with clever ideas
          + Top 10 rugs – in pictures
     * Alys Fowler: hop to it
       Hops are about a lot more than just beer. They make a great
       climbing plant for domestic gardens, too
          + Ask Alys: your gardening questions answered
          + The joy of variegation

Running blog

     *

Helen Jenkins: 'Anywhere in the world, you can go for a run'
       The triathlete on training to AC/DC, a nice burger and chips, and
       how sometimes the hardest thing is putting your shoes on and
       getting out of the door
     *

Women are better than men at marathon pacing, says new research
       Kate Carter: New research suggests that women are better at
       maintaining their pace then men, though both genders tend to fade
       across 26.2 miles. But are the differences physiological,
       psychological – or a mixture of both?
     *

Running blog: How was your weekend running?
       Do you plod your way through streaming colds or take to your bed?
       How do you know when to push it, and when to rest? As always, share
       your wisdom, woes and tips below the line

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     *

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       Mowgli, Liverpool
       'Mowgli's version of street food is like an exuberant Bollywood
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       Restaurant: Mowgli
     *

Cooking for kids
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       These sweet treats are a bit like bite-sized flapjacks, but with
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       Fridge balls
     *

Budget wines
       Aldi and Lidl
       The discounters' wine range is small but consistent, says David
       Williams
       Drinking a glass of wine
     *

Blind date
       Jamie & Ant
       Jamie, 26, advertising account manager, meets Ant, 27, management
       consultant
       Blind date: Jamie & Ant
     *

Getting ready
       Emilia Fox
       I tend to throw on the outfit that's closest to the top of the pile
       of clothes
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Q&A
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       'A secret? I don't know how to use a washing machine'
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       learning that it's OK to doubt yourself
       Hugh Dennis
     *

What I wore
       The silk shirt
       Jess Cartner-Morley: When I say silk shirt, I mean silk shirt, not
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       What wore: silk shirt
     *

Lost in Showbiz
       Cultural icon
       Any creation that doesn't feature him is essentially devoid of
       meaning
       Mark Wahlberg … transcendental.
     *

Imogen Thomas
       Makes me happy
       'Getting the call from Big Brother was the happiest day of my life'
       Imogen Thomas outside high court hearing
     *

Changing tastes
       Shopping baskets
       A look at ONS lists is a fascinating glimpse of social changes
       Shopping basket
     *

Private lives
       My wife's driving
       Any attempt to pass comment meets hostility. What can I do?
       Woman driving
     *

Good mixer
       Tamarind sour
       This one's for anyone, young or old, who loves sour, fizzy sweets
       Good mixer: tamarind fizz
     *

Top five
       Green teas
       The varieties are endless. Or should that be varie-teas?
       Top five green teas
     *

Rank your run
       5k time
       Enter your 5k run time and see how you compare to other runners
       Running blog interactive: how fast do you run 5k?
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'Just checking up': The links between snooping on your partner, and domestic
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All cigarettes likely to be sold in plain packets by next year

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NHS waiting times for cancer treatment and and routine operations 'will be
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Women may experience more pain during childbirth if their partner is present,
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   http://www.independent.co.uk/incoming/article9983006.ece/alternates/w30
   0/hayling-island.jpg
   http://zoopla.homesandproperty.co.uk/for-sale/details/30687634

Putney, SW15

   A six-bedroom home with five bathrooms, garden terrace, heated pool,
   gym and cinema
   http://www.independent.co.uk/incoming/article9977850.ece/alternates/w30
   0/putney.jpg
   http://zoopla.homesandproperty.co.uk/for-sale/details/35282950

Cobham, KT11

   A five-bedroom semi-detached home with a mix of period and modern
   features in a popular and convenient location
   http://www.independent.co.uk/incoming/article9967738.ece/alternates/w30
   0/cobham.jpg
   http://zoopla.homesandproperty.co.uk/for-sale/details/35485337

Old Buckenham, Norfolk

   This five-bedroom red-brick beauty overlooks the village green and sits
   in just under two acres of land
   http://www.independent.co.uk/incoming/article9770509.ece/alternates/w30
   0/attleborough.jpg
   http://zoopla.homesandproperty.co.uk/for-sale/details/33685626?utm_sour
   ce=handp&utm_medium=hlink&utm_campaign=sale

Windermere, Cumbria, LA23

   A three-bedroom villa with self-contained flat, minutes from Lake
   Windermere
   http://www.independent.co.uk/incoming/article9933072.ece/alternates/w30
   0/rose-cottage.jpg
   http://zoopla.homesandproperty.co.uk/for-sale/details/photos/29754349

Sawbridgeworth, CM21

   A deceptively spacious, beautifully presented Georgian home with 3000sq
   ft of living space and five reception rooms
   http://www.independent.co.uk/incoming/article9869957.ece/alternates/w30
   0/sawbridgeworth.jpg
   http://zoopla.homesandproperty.co.uk/for-sale/details/34083141

Tunbridge Wells, Kent, TN2

   A five-bedroom Victorian home with four receptions, superb gardens and
   paddock in Pembury
   http://www.independent.co.uk/incoming/article9854368.ece/alternates/w30
   0/pembury.jpg
   http://zoopla.homesandproperty.co.uk/for-sale/details/34462037

Richmond, TW9

   An eight-bedroom house on the south side of the The Green with cinema,
   wine cellars and summer house
   http://www.independent.co.uk/incoming/article9825144.ece/alternates/w30
   0/richmond.jpg
   http://zoopla.homesandproperty.co.uk/for-sale/details/33190755

Pebworth, Worcestershire, CV37

   This 17th century beauty is full of rustic cosiness, while the detached
   home office means you can also run a business
   http://www.independent.co.uk/incoming/article9799372.ece/alternates/w30
   0/pebworth.jpg
   http://zoopla.homesandproperty.co.uk/for-sale/details/33984588?utm_sour
   ce=handp&utm_medium=hlink&utm_campaign=sale

Marylebone, W1W

   Four exclusive apartments in a Grade II-listed former medical school
   with 2,275 sq ft of living space and 18ft ceilings
   http://www.independent.co.uk/incoming/article9767410.ece/alternates/w30
   0/marylebone.jpg
   http://zoopla.homesandproperty.co.uk/for-sale/details/34378304?utm_sour
   ce=handp&utm_medium=hlink&utm_campaign=sale

Fulham, SW6

   A five-bedroom terraced house on the popular Peterborough Estate,
   ideally located for both Eel Brook Common and South Park
   http://www.independent.co.uk/incoming/article9762435.ece/alternates/w30
   0/fulham.jpg
   http://zoopla.homesandproperty.co.uk/for-sale/details/33181009?utm_sour
   ce=handp&utm_medium=hlink&utm_campaign=sale

Cookham, Maidenhead, SL6

   A state-of-the-art farm-building conversion on the former Cliveden
   Estate, with 11,420sq ft of internal space, cinema and wine cellar
   http://www.independent.co.uk/incoming/article9751024.ece/alternates/w30
   0/maidenhead.jpg
   http://zoopla.homesandproperty.co.uk/for-sale/details/27720651/?utm_sou
   rce=handp&utm_medium=hlink&utm_campaign=sale

Cranbrook, Kent, TN17

   A three-bedroom, 15th-century cottage with original features in the
   picturesque village of Sissinghurst
   http://www.independent.co.uk/incoming/article9748331.ece/alternates/w30
   0/sissinghurst.jpg
   http://zoopla.homesandproperty.co.uk/for-sale/details/34560527/?utm_sou
   rce=handp&utm_medium=hlink&utm_campaign=sale

Belgravia, SW1W

   A six-bedroom terraced house with large south-facing roof terrace,
   cinema room and wine cellar
   http://www.independent.co.uk/incoming/article9744593.ece/alternates/w30
   0/belgravia.jpg
   http://zoopla.homesandproperty.co.uk/for-sale/details/33167454/?utm_sou
   rce=handp&utm_medium=hlink&utm_campaign=sale

Reading, Berkshire, RG7

   A new seven-bedroom home built in Queen Anne-style with swimming pool
   and parkland views in Mortimer
   http://www.independent.co.uk/incoming/article9741800.ece/alternates/w30
   0/mortimer.jpg
   http://zoopla.homesandproperty.co.uk/new-homes/details/34322935#oY2dfZY
   TWSJcy6Vo.97

Diss, Norfolk IP21

   A listed, four-bedroom farmhouse in the rural hamlet of Rushall with
   detached barn, four acres of gardens and paddocks
   http://www.independent.co.uk/incoming/article9737677.ece/alternates/w30
   0/Rushall.jpg
   http://zoopla.homesandproperty.co.uk/for-sale/details/32340477?utm_sour
   ce=handp&utm_medium=hlink&utm_campaign=printlife#SIs7csevBYR7GjOP.97

Crouch End, N8

   A first-floor flat with two bedrooms, a spacious reception room and
   communal grounds in a leafy part of London
   http://www.independent.co.uk/incoming/article9669385.ece/alternates/w30
   0/crouch-end.jpg
   http://zoopla.homesandproperty.co.uk/for-sale/details/33680546?utm_sour
   ce=handp&utm_medium=hlink&utm_campaign=printbuy

Covent Garden, WC2H

   A three-bedroom flat with a spacious rootop terrace and balcony,
   accessed from a private gated courtyard
   http://www.independent.co.uk/incoming/article9656470.ece/alternates/w30
   0/covent-garden.jpg
   http://zoopla.homesandproperty.co.uk/for-sale/details/33896699?/utm_sou
   rce=handp&utm_medium=hlink&utm_campaign=sale

Witney, Oxfordshire, OX29

   A Grade II-listed pile with six bedrooms, stables and 39 acres of
   grounds in Standlake
   http://www.independent.co.uk/incoming/article9653621.ece/alternates/w30
   0/oxfordshire.jpg
   http://zoopla.homesandproperty.co.uk/for-sale/details/33391951?utm_sour
   ce=handp&utm_medium=hlink&utm_campaign=printtrophy

West Hampstead, NW2

   A two-bedroom flat with boutique hotel-style interiors, close to the
   foodie haunt of West End Lane
   http://www.independent.co.uk/incoming/article9637181.ece/alternates/w30
   0/west-hampstead.jpg
   http://zoopla.homesandproperty.co.uk/for-sale/details/33569312/?utm_sou
   rce=handp&utm_medium=hlink&utm_campaign=sale

Pontcanna, Cardiff, CF11

   A two-bedroom flat in a beautiful old vicarage, with many original
   features, close to the city centre
   http://www.independent.co.uk/incoming/article9632821.ece/alternates/w30
   0/cardiff-bay.jpg
   http://zoopla.homesandproperty.co.uk/for-sale/details/33764301/?utm_sou
   rce=handp&utm_medium=hlink&utm_campaign=sale

Ipswich, Suffolk, IP7

   A three-bedroom 16th-century home with an aga kitchen, private gardens
   and heated outdoor pool, in Hadleigh
   http://www.independent.co.uk/incoming/article9626034.ece/alternates/w30
   0/suffolk.jpg
   http://zoopla.homesandproperty.co.uk/for-sale/details/33882040/?utm_sou
   rce=handp&utm_medium=hlink&utm_campaign=sale

South Kensington, SW7

   A three-bedrom home in sought-after Queen's Gate Mews, with Italian
   marble-finished bathrooms
   http://www.independent.co.uk/incoming/article9622825.ece/alternates/w30
   0/Queen's-Gate-Mews.jpg
   http://zoopla.homesandproperty.co.uk/for-sale/details/31940238/?utm_sou
   rce=handp&utm_medium=hlink&utm_campaign=prop

Rye, East Sussex, TN31

   Surrounded by glorious countryside in the village of Udimore, sits this
   impressive four-kiln oast and barn conversion
   http://www.independent.co.uk/incoming/article9609555.ece/alternates/w30
   0/Rye.jpg
   http://zoopla.homesandproperty.co.uk/for-sale/details/32979444?utm_sour
   ce=handp&utm_medium=hlink&utm_campaign=printlife

St John's Wood, NW8

   A Grade II-listed house with eight bedrooms, gym and cinema
   http://www.independent.co.uk/incoming/article9601148.ece/alternates/w30
   0/st-johns-wood.jpg
   http://zoopla.homesandproperty.co.uk/for-sale/details/33392043/?utm_sou
   rce=handp&utm_medium=hlink&utm_campaign=sale

Littlebeck, Kettlewell, BD23

   A five-bedroom house in the picturesque village of Kettlewell, north
   Yorkshire
   http://www.independent.co.uk/incoming/article9598559.ece/alternates/w30
   0/Littlebeck.jpg
   http://zoopla.homesandproperty.co.uk/for-sale/details/30507822?utm_sour
   ce=handp&utm_medium=hlink&utm_campaign=sale

Little Crakehall, Bedale, DL8

   An 18th-century former coaching inn with original staircase, open
   fireplaces and beams throughout
   http://www.independent.co.uk/incoming/article9594290.ece/alternates/w30
   0/little-crakehall.jpg
   http://zoopla.homesandproperty.co.uk/for-sale/details/33478385?utm_sour
   ce=handp&utm_medium=hlink&utm_campaign=sale

Bakers Arms Hill, Arundel, BN18

   A Grade II-listed Georgian town house with three bedrooms and a
   south-facing courtyard, near Arundel Castle
   http://www.independent.co.uk/incoming/article9576373.ece/alternates/w30
   0/arundel.jpg
   http://zoopla.homesandproperty.co.uk/for-sale/details/32964914?utm_sour
   ce=handp&utm_medium=hlink&utm_campaign=sale

Southwark, SE1

   Feel on top of the world at this über chic penthouse on the 37th floor
   of one of Europe’s tallest blocks.
   http://www.independent.co.uk/incoming/article9563075.ece/alternates/w30
   0/620-Trophy.jpg
   http://zoopla.homesandproperty.co.uk/for-sale/details/16605376?utm_sour
   ce=handp&utm_medium=hlink&utm_campaign=ticker

Torquay, Devon, TQ1

   A Grade II-listed Victorian villa with six bedrooms and two further
   cottages, all with spectacular sea views
   http://www.independent.co.uk/incoming/article9558850.ece/alternates/w30
   0/torquay.jpg
   http://zoopla.homesandproperty.co.uk/for-sale/details/33013060?utm_sour
   ce=handp&utm_medium=hlink&utm_campaign=sale

Clapham Common, SW4

   A grade II-listed, Georgian cottage with mature 50ft garden, perfect
   for summer entertaining
   http://www.independent.co.uk/incoming/article9556797.ece/alternates/w30
   0/clapham.jpg
   http://zoopla.homesandproperty.co.uk/for-sale/details/33362627?utm_sour
   ce=handp&utm_medium=hlink&utm_campaign=sale

Coates Castle, West Sussex, RH20

   A magnificent Georgian pile with turrets, seven bedrooms, a heated pool
   and four acres of gardens
   http://www.independent.co.uk/incoming/article9552754.ece/alternates/w30
   0/west-sussex.jpg
   http://zoopla.homesandproperty.co.uk/for-sale/details/26816261

West Dulwich, SE21

   A spacious seven-bedroom family home with tennis court and indoor
   swimming pool
   http://www.independent.co.uk/incoming/article9540677.ece/alternates/w30
   0/Alleyn-Park.jpg
   http://zoopla.homesandproperty.co.uk/for-sale/details/31508436

Lisvane, Cardiff, CF14

   Fairoak Farm has five bedroom suites, gym, outdoor swimming pool and
   golf course
   http://www.independent.co.uk/incoming/article9535065.ece/alternates/w30
   0/cardiff.jpg
   http://zoopla.homesandproperty.co.uk/for-sale/details/27019856?utm_sour
   ce=handp&utm_medium=hlink&utm_campaign=sale

St Katharine's Way, E1

   Chic two-bedroom river-fronted flat with a private lift that delivers
   you directly to your home
   http://www.independent.co.uk/incoming/article9531822.ece/alternates/w30
   0/St.-Katharines-Way.jpg
   http://zoopla.homesandproperty.co.uk/new-homes/details/33270877?utm_sou
   rce=handp&utm_medium=hlink&utm_campaign=ticker

Tintinhull, Yeovil, BA22

   A spectacular seven-bedroom Tudor pile, once owned by Henry VIII, with
   18 acres of land
   http://www.independent.co.uk/incoming/article9501206.ece/alternates/w30
   0/Tintinhull.jpg
   http://zoopla.homesandproperty.co.uk/for-sale/details/32773662?utm_sour
   ce=handp&utm_medium=hlink&utm_campaign=ticker

North Walsham, Norfolk, NR28

   A seven-bedroom Georgian property previously used as a picturesque
   wedding venue
   http://www.independent.co.uk/incoming/article9442019.ece/alternates/w30
   0/North-Walsham.jpg
   http://zoopla.homesandproperty.co.uk/for-sale/details/32875564?utm_sour
   ce=handp&utm_medium=hlink&utm_campaign=sale

East Dulwich, SE22

   A split-level flat in a church conversion with two en suite bedrooms
   and 1,200sq ft of living space
   http://www.independent.co.uk/incoming/article9363185.ece/alternates/w30
   0/East-Dulwich.jpg
   http://zoopla.homesandproperty.co.uk/for-sale/details/32502213

Great Billing, Northampton, NN3

   A three-bedroom bungalow situated behind an impressive stone wall,
   £645,000
   http://www.independent.co.uk/incoming/article9355007.ece/alternates/w30
   0/Great-Billing.jpg
   http://zoopla.homesandproperty.co.uk/for-sale/details/32732139

Windsor, Berkshire, SL4

   Windsor Castle overlooks this three-bedroom Victorian cottage located
   on one of Windsor's smartest roads
   http://www.independent.co.uk/incoming/article9333815.ece/alternates/w30
   0/windsor.jpg
   http://zoopla.homesandproperty.co.uk/for-sale/details/26565333?utm_sour
   ce=handp&utm_medium=hlink&utm_campaign=ticker

Liskeard, Cornwall PL14

   A four-bedroom former mil off the beaten track in Quethiock, £725,000
   http://www.independent.co.uk/incoming/article9312372.ece/alternates/w30
   0/Liskeard.jpg
   http://zoopla.homesandproperty.co.uk/for-sale/details/30671532?utm_sour
   ce=handp&utm_medium=hlink&utm_campaign=sale

Alltmawr, Powys LD2

   Chapel House is a former vicarage with nine bedrooms in the beautiful
   Upper Wye Valley
   http://www.independent.co.uk/incoming/article9258900.ece/alternates/w30
   0/wye-valley.jpg
   http://zoopla.homesandproperty.co.uk/for-sale/details/32536994

Kettlewell, North Yorkshire, BD23

   A five-bedroom B&B and separate owner's accomodation with potential for
   conversion
   http://www.independent.co.uk/incoming/article9243461.ece/alternates/w30
   0/kettlewell.jpg
   http://zoopla.homesandproperty.co.uk/for-sale/details/30507822?

Wandsworth, SW18

   A three-bedroom house with private garden, close to Earlsfield station
   http://www.independent.co.uk/incoming/article9218713.ece/alternates/w30
   0/wandsworth.jpg
   http://zoopla.homesandproperty.co.uk/for-sale/details/31346810

Wellow, Yarmouth, PO41

   A four-bedroom house in the sought-after hamlet of Wellow, £435,000
   http://www.independent.co.uk/incoming/article9216555.ece/alternates/w30
   0/Yarmouth.jpg
   http://zoopla.homesandproperty.co.uk/for-sale/details/28523105

West Norwood, SE27

   A beautifully presented two-bedroom house in pristine condition,
   £525,000
   http://www.independent.co.uk/incoming/article9212170.ece/alternates/w30
   0/west-norwood.jpg
   http://zoopla.homesandproperty.co.uk/for-sale/details/32117271

Rotherhithe, SE16

   Enjoy summer by the Thames in this two double-bedroom converted
   warehouse in Rotherhithe village
   http://www.independent.co.uk/incoming/article9204645.ece/alternates/w30
   0/rotherhithe.jpg
   http://zoopla.homesandproperty.co.uk/for-sale/details/32268909

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                                  [sc.gif]

   Schools

                                  [tee.jpg]

   Teenagers

                                 [obby.gif]

   Kids Hobbies

                                  [eti.gif]

   Manners and Etiquette

                                  [ar.gif]

   Driving

                                [transp.jpg]

   Travel / Transport

                                [people.gif]

   British People

                                  [dan.gif]

   Traditional Dances

                                  [wed.gif]

   Dating / Weddings

                                  [ub.gif]

   Pubs

                                  [Ca.gif]

   Festivals and Celebrations

                                  [lis.jpg]

   Listen to English people talking about their lives in England

                                  [qes.gif]

   Questions asked by Students learning about England

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                                 Family Life
                                [folder.gif]

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                                [folder.gif]

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                                [folder.gif]

   What is family life like? (Family)

                                [folder.gif]

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                                                     [top.gif] Top of Page

                             Leisure and Holidays
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                            [folder.gif]

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                            [folder.gif]

   Where do British people go on holiday?

                            [folder.gif]

   What television programs do British people watch?


                                    Sport
                                [folder.gif]

   What sports do you play in England? (Sport)

                                [folder.gif]

   What Sporting Events take place at various times in the year?

                                [folder.gif]

   Which sports are popular in England?

                                [folder.gif]

   What games do children play at school in the playground (school yard)?

                                [folder.gif]

   How do you play the game called Conkers ?

                                                     [top.gif] Top of Page

                                    Pubs
                                [folder.gif]

   What is a pub?
   Why do British people spend much time in a pub?


                                    Work

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                                                     [top.gif] Top of Page

                                   Houses

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                                [folder.gif]

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                                [folder.gif]

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                                [folder.gif]

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                                                     [top.gif] Top of Page

                             Shops and Shopping
                                [folder.gif]

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   How much do things cost in England?

                                                     [top.gif] Top of Page

                              Clothes / Fashion

   [folder.gif]

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                                                     [top.gif] Top of Page

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                      Events and special days in the UK
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                         Pooh down the River Thames

              email © Copyright Mandy Barrow 2013- please read
    All the materials on these pages are free for homework and classroom
    use only. You may not redistribute, sell or place the content of this
   page on any other website or blog without written permission from Mandy
                                   Barrow.
                             www.mandybarrow.com

                        © Copyright Mandy Barrow 2013

      Google Plus Follow Project BritainTwitter Follow Mandy Barrow on
                                   Twitter

       Mandy is the creator of the Woodlands Resources section of the
                          Woodlands Junior website.
    The two websites projectbritain.com and primaryhomeworkhelp.co.uk are
                 the new homes for the Woodlands Resources.

       Mandy left Woodlands in 2003 to work in Kent schools as an ICT
                                Consulatant.
      She now teaches computers at The Granville School and St. John's
                      Primary School in Sevenoaks Kent.
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   ELECTRIC LIFE

Meet the electric life forms that live on pure energy

   ENDANGERED SPECIES

Sorry, tiger: Why we should save weird species first

LATEST NEWS

Videos reveal rich upside-down world under polar ice Movie Camera

   TODAY:  15:57 23 January 2015

   A secret underwater world thrives on algal meadows that hang under the
   polar sea ice – now we get some of the first glimpses of it

Mice evolve better, not bigger, balls in sperm race

   TODAY:  15:29 23 January 2015

   Size isn't everything. When many male mice mate with the same females,
   their descendants evolve testes that can produce more sperm

Where heroes come from – and how to become one

   FEATURE:  20:00 22 January 2015

   "I did it without thinking," people often say after saving a stranger's
   life. The truth is, heroism develops over a lifetime – and it's never
   too late to learn

Human ancestors got a grip on tools 3 million years ago

   TODAY:  19:00 22 January 2015

   The shape of fossil hand bones found in Africa suggests the first
   toolmakers walked on Earth before humans did

Dinosaur-killing impact recreated in mini BBQ

   PICTURE OF THE DAY:  18:30 22 January 2015

   Did the meteorite blamed for wiping out the dinosaurs do it by igniting
   global firestorms of tremendous heat? Only one way to find out…

Lab-bound bacteria could lead to 'safer' GM organisms

   TODAY:  11:30 22 January 2015

   Genetically modified E. coli have been created to survive only if they
   have access to unnatural amino acids, dying if they escape into the
   wild

Big Brother map spots illegal fishing in an instant Movie Camera

   PICTURE OF THE DAY:  17:14 21 January 2015

   A video wall can tell when fish are stolen from the ocean in
   milliseconds by tracking ships and the species they are allowed to
   catch

Ex Machina: Quest to create an AI takes no prisoners

   REVIEW:  12:00 21 January 2015

   Alex Garland's directorial debut is a better film because of, and not
   despite, its engagement with consciousness research, says
   neuroscientist Anil Seth

How fudged embryo illustrations led to drawn-out lies

   REVIEW:  19:00 20 January 2015

   Some of the most iconic images in biology hold a dark secret. Haeckel's
   Embryos: Images, evolution, and fraud delves into their history

Citizen scientists sift soil for new antibiotics

   TODAY:  16:32 20 January 2015

   Volunteers around the world are helping researchers hunt for
   earth-dwelling bacteria that could yield a much-need antibiotic
   breakthrough

Eureka relived: Wash like an Egyptian

   FEATURE:  16:00 20 January 2015

   Ancient cosmetic recipes often claimed the endorsement of celebrities
   such as Cleopatra. But could they really have made her complexion so
   famously milky?

Cunning snails drug fish with insulin then eat them Movie Camera

   TODAY:  20:00 19 January 2015

   Cone snails spray a chemical cocktail to knock out fish – and it
   contains a fast-working insulin molecule that could help drug
   development for diabetes

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OCEANS

Rights versus bites: The great shark culling debate

   Sharks have killed seven people off Western Australia since 2010. Can
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THE HUMAN BRAIN

Consciousness on-off switch discovered deep in brain

   Switching consciousness on and off <i>(Image: Kirk Weddle/Getty
   Images)</i>

   Zapping an area deep in our brains turns off consciousness – suggesting
   this is where perceptions are bound together into a cohesive experience

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   TODAY:  14:36 16 January 2015

   Self-castration after once-in-a-lifetime sex helps coin spiders protect
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Zoologger: The tasty crab that looks like an ugly frog

   ZOOLOGGER:  12:30 07 January 2015

   Is it a frog? Is it a crab? One look at a frog crab explains its name,
   but how these curious animals evolved has long been a mystery

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HUMANS

Ancestry of first Americans revealed by a boy's genome

   The genes of a boy who died 12,600 years ago show that all indigenous
   people in the Americas seem to be descended from the same group of
   ancestors

Most read

Shocking state of world's riskiest nuclear waste site

Ex Machina: Quest to create an AI takes no prisoners

Mystery storms rage across face of Uranus

Female ejaculation comes in two forms, scientists find

Extroverts may have stronger immune systems

Most read

EVOLUTION

   Whence we came <i>(Image: Pearl Bucknall/Plainpicture)</i>

Ancient water cache may be pristine primordial soup

   Deep rocks have been cracked open and water isolated for billions of
   years released – the liquid may represent Darwin's "warm little pond"
   where life arose

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   Friday 23 January 2015
   LIFE logo LIFE image

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Welcome to the LIFE Website

   LIFE (Life Cycle Information for E-Literature) is a collaboration
   between University College London (UCL) and the British Library.

   The LIFE Project has developed a methodology to model the digital
   lifecycle and calculate the costs of preserving digital information for
   the next 5, 10 or 20 years. For the first time, organisations can apply
   this process and plan effectively for the preservation of their digital
   collections.

   The third phase of LIFE commenced in August 2009, and will run for one
   year with funding from JISC and RIN. By producing a predictive costing
   tool, LIFE^3 will significantly improve the ability of organisations to
   plan and manage the preservation of digital content. The project will
   expand its existing Generic Preservation Model to create a
   comprehensive suite of models covering all life cycle stages, providing
   greater accuracy and assurance in estimation. The predictive costing
   tool will be made available towards the end of 2010, as both a web
   application and an Excel-based model. The project team would be
   delighted to hear from organisations interested in assisting with
   trials of the tool.
     * Link: UCL Library Services
     * Link: British Library
     * Link: Humanities Advanced Technology and Information Institute
     * Link: JISC
     * Link: RIN
     * Link: LIBER
     __________________________________________________________________

   for enquiries contact life@bl.uk
   LIFE (Life Cycle Information for E-Literature) is a funded by the Joint
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   (RIN) and is a collaboration between University College London (UCL)
   and the British Library
     __________________________________________________________________
<file=10>
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downloads

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Dealhacker: TVs, Soundbars, Android Tablets and Much More

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The Best Paid Jobs and Industries for Working From Home

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   telecommuting job that also pays well? Here's how various careers and
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websites

Central Manuals is a One Stop Shop to Find and Download User Manuals for Free

   By Patrick Alllan on at

   User manuals are a pain to organise and most of us probably lose or bin
   them at some point. No need to worry, though, as Central Manuals lets
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brain hacks

Remember This Formula to Conquer Your Fears

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   It's not a magic bullet by any means, but keep this formula in mind the
   next time you're afraid of doing something and you may surprise
   yourself.

tips and tricks

This Guide Shows You How to Integrate Evernote and Drafts on iOS

   By Thorin Klosowski on at

   Evernote is great, but it's not exactly the most minimal, easy to use
   app on iOS. If you want to integrate it with Drafts to streamline
   things a bit, here's how to do it.

deals

Sony PlayStation Store Sale: Where to Find Your 10% Off UK Discount Code and
Grab a Deal

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amazon

Watch Transparent Series One For Free This Saturday

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   Amazon's Golden Globe-winning TV series Transparent will be available
   to stream for 24 hours from 12:01 this Saturday.

best vs the rest

Best vs the Rest: Best Supermarket Single Malt Whiskies Compared

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life

Can You Still Prospect For Gold?

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productivity

Stop Wasting Time on Social Networks by Creating a Game Plan

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life

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Entertainment so good it can reach out and touch you… literally!

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Print your own chocolate

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Real people: Lauren, Technical Textiles Designer at Xiros

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The Book Of Life

   Mild fantasy violence, brief scary scenes.
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About this Film

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   Magical animation 'Book Of Life' focuses on the adventures of Manolo, a
   lovestruck musician who embarks on a fantastical journey to faraway
   lands.
   Not only is Manolo (Diego Luna) involved in a sticky love triangle with
   the beautiful Maria (Zoe Saldana) and the hunky Joaquin (Channing
   Tatum), but he's also facing some tough career decisions: Should he
   continue his family legacy or blaze his own trail? Before he has a
   chance to decide, Manolo winds up caught in another world from where he
   must find his way back to win over his love Maria.
   'Book Of Life' is produced by Guillermo del Toro (Pan's Labyrinth) and
   features a colourful visual style inspired by Mexico's Day Of The Dead
   holiday.
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     * Released on
       24/10/14
     * Genre
       Animated
     * Cast members
       Channing Tatum, Zoe Saldana, Danny Trejo
     * Running time
       95 minutes
     * Directed by
       Jorge R. Gutierrez
     * Language
       English

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(Tristan 6yo)

   Reviewer: Lynne & TristanDate: 2014-12-07

   This was a brilliant film. We think that the rating for this should be
   all of the stars because it has a good storyline, it's funny, it's
   exciting, fantastic animation and they picked very good characters. The
   film was not boring at all. Go see it!
   Report this comment

mr

   Reviewer: stalksy1Date: 2014-11-22

   Enjoyable film for an hour then gets boring, Lovely animation but lacks
   humour. I would say this film is average all in all not anywhere near
   as good as pixar or disney movie but worth a watch if your kids are
   aged 6 plus.
   Report this comment

The Book of Life

   Reviewer: CathDate: 2014-11-09

   This film was surprisingly good, not expecting much based on other
   reviews, my 5 yr old was desperate to see it, my 8 yr old came along
   reluctantly but both loved it! From adult point of view, it is a sweet
   and gentle love story with lots of humour
   Report this comment

Book Of life

   Reviewer: Katie1234Date: 2014-11-02

   Avoid this movie, went with my daughter, people left have way through
   as their kids where so bored, it is soooooo boring, should be called
   the Book of BORING, its worse than Shark Tail
   Report this comment
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LiFE is a planning and self-assessment tool specifically for colleges and
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   Led by you working at your own pace, LiFE will lead and support you to
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   Whatever sustainability looks like in your institution, LiFE will help
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Welcome to LIFE Climate Action

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PUBLICATION

   LIFE brochures

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   LIFE for our Environment video >>

   LIFE is the EU's financial instrument supporting environmental, nature
   conservation and climate action projects throughout the EU. Since 1992,
   LIFE has co-financed some 4 171 projects, contributing approximately
   €3.4 billion euros to the protection of the environment and climate.
   Read more >>
   News

Top five LIFEnews stories of 2014

   LIFENEWS

   20 January 2015 LIFEnews, the monthly LIFE newsletter, covers themes
   that are of importance to European policy on the environment and nature
   conservation, as well as the LIFE programme itself. So what were the
   five most-read articles of 2014?

   Let the countdown begin…

   The fifth most-read article was published in February. The European
   Commission had recently adopted a new Clean Air Policy Package and our
   article focused on how LIFE can play a key role in helping Member
   States reach their objectives. Compliance with the package could be
   achieved by, “various funding instruments at European level, in
   particular the LIFE programme,” according to Scott Brockett of the
   European Commission's Directorate-General for the Environment.LIFE
   vital for EC's new Clean Air Package

   Read more >>

New report on improving Natura 2000 awareness

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   19 January 2015 The European Commission has published a report
   following the LIFE Information and Communication (LIFE INF) platform
   meeting about raising awareness of Natura 2000, which was held in
   Kraków, Poland on 13-14 October 2014. The meeting allowed a range of
   nature projects from the information and communication strand of the
   LIFE programme to exchange experience and discuss ways of improving
   awareness and understanding of the Natura 2000 network.

   The projects were presented in two sessions: the first assessed the
   impact of LIFE INF projects that sought to increase awareness of key
   stakeholder groups (such as farmers, local communities, public
   administrations and managers of protected areas) and ensure public
   involvement in the conservation of Natura 2000 areas; the second looked
   at the role of targeted information campaigns as a tool for resolving
   specific protection issues. The event concluded with workshops designed
   to share knowledge and to develop recommendations on how to best
   promote Natura 2000.

   Read more >>

Finnish Saimaa Seal LIFE project wins biodiversity award

   Photo:Mervi Kunnasranta/Metsähallitus

   07 January 2015 The National IUCN Committee of Finland has awarded the
   Finnish Biodiversity Award 2013-2014 to the project Saimaa Seal LIFE
   (LIFE12 NAT/FI/000367). The project received the award specifically for
   one of its Actions (C2), which involved improving the breeding
   conditions of the Saimaa ringed seal (Pusa hispida saimensis) with
   man-made snowdrifts.

   The action was necessary because the snow on Lake Saimaa was extremely
   thin during the winter of 2013/2014 and the snow mounds which the seal
   needs to reproduce did not form naturally. To solve this problem a
   large number of volunteers created 240 artificial snow mounds for the
   seals. Their hard work paid off: in spring 2014, some 59 seal pups were
   born in nests in the manmade mounds. “Without the help of the
   volunteers this work would not have been successful,” says Dr. Raisa
   Tiilikainen, project manager. The solution has caused quite a stir
   outside of Finland because it is seen as a new, simple and innovative
   way to mitigate the adverse effects of climate change on seals.

   Read more >>

Call for Ideas - Pilot / demonstration projects HORIZON 2020 - Climate
Action, Environment, Resource Efficiency and Raw Materials

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   06 January 2015 You are invited to participate in our new call for
   ideas! As part of the work programme 2016-2017 of the societal
   challenge 5 “Climate Action, Environment, Resource Efficiency and Raw
   Materials” (SC5) of the Horizon 2020 framework programme, the European
   Commission intends to open calls for large-scale pilot/demonstration
   projects in the areas of circular economy, nature-based solutions,
   climate services and water.

   The present call for ideas for pilot/demonstration projects is intended
   to:
     * help identifying which research and innovation areas attract most
       interest from innovators and innovation users (e.g. industries,
       financial actors, academia, research and innovation players,
       private or public entities, regions, cities, citizens and their
       organisations…) and
     * stimulate developers and providers of innovative solutions to
       engage in projects of greater ambition in terms of scope, scale and
       impact.

   Read more >>

Red-breasted goose links Bulgarian and Hungarian LIFE projects

   Photo: Daniel Mitev

   05 January 2015 A red-breasted goose (Branta ruficollis) recently
   observed in a mixed grazing flock of greater white-fronted goose and
   red-breasted goose at Nagy-szik in the Hortobágy National Park,
   Hungary, was identified thanks to a yellow plastic ring with which it
   had been marked in 2013 by the Bulgarian LIFE project Safe Ground for
   Redbreasts (LIFE09 NAT/BG/000230).

   The observed individual was feeding at a site that was restored by the
   LIFE project, Sodic lake habitat restoration in the Hortobágy (LIFE07
   NAT/H/000324). This site hosts large flocks of wintering geese, and
   through the network of goose experts across Europe, the site managers
   were able to inform the Bulgarian project team.

   The Bulgarian LIFE project, which is being coordinated by BSPB/BirdLife
   Bulgaria, is carrying out land-management measures in the Dobrudzha
   region of northern Bulgaria to provide secure foraging grounds for the
   red-breasted goose – the most threatened goose species in the world.

   Read more >>

FAO publication highlights LIFE-supported climate change mitigation

   FAO publication

   24 December 2014A recent FAO publication on climate change has
   referenced conservation measures carried out by two LIFE projects: a
   Swedish (LIFE08 NAT/S/000268) mire restoration project; and a German
   alkaline fen restoration project (LIFE08 NAT/D/000003).
   The publication, Towards climate-responsible peatlands management,
   highlights the challenges facing the alkaline fens in Brandenburg and
   the actions undertaken by the LIFE project beneficiary,
   Naturschutzfonds Brandenburg to meet them. The project sites have been
   heavily drained and converted to arable land, but thanks to LIFE these
   areas are being restored through raising the water level and removing
   nutrients.
   Grazing is another key restoration measure. “The project worked in
   collaboration with local farmers to establish pastures for Asian water
   buffalo and sheep. With proper grazing management, the livestock keep
   the growth of reed and other larger vegetation to a minimum,” the
   publication reports.

   The project, which is set to end next year, has carried out measures on
   six sites, mowing  a total of 140 ha of reed, filling in 27 km of
   drainage ditches and cutting peat on an area of around 14 ha. Water
   buffalos are grazing on more than 30 hectares.

   The restoration of fenland, and peatlands in general, is an effective
   climate-change mitigation measure, as several LIFE project are
   demonstrating. The ongoing Swedish project is an excellent example and
   one that will feature in a forthcoming LIFE brochure on climate change.

   Read more >>

LIFE launches Natural Capital Financing Facility

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   23 December 2014The European Commission and the European Investment
   Bank (EIB) have signed an agreement entrusting the EIB with the
   management of the Natural Capital Financing Facility (NCFF), the second
   of two new financial instruments under the LIFE Programme.

   The NCFF will provide loans and investments in funds to support
   projects that promote the preservation of natural capital, including
   adaptation to climate change, within the EU-28.

   The EIB will contribute a total budget for the Investment Facility of
   €100-125 million for 2014-2017. The European Commission will contribute
   €50 million as a guarantee for the investments, and €10 million for a
   support facility. Beneficiary companies and financial intermediaries
   will provide significant additional financing.

   Read more >>

LIFE funding expansion to finance energy efficiency projects

   LIFE LOGO

   19 December 2014An announcement on 9 December 2014 introduced a new
   financial instrument to operate under the LIFE Environment and Climate
   Action sub-programmes (2014-2020).  Agreed by the European Commission
   and the European Investment Bank (EIB), the Private Finance for Energy
   Efficiency (PF4EE) instrument is dedicated to increasing private
   investment in energy efficiency projects. The instrument will support
   Member States' progress towards EU targets for energy efficiency.

   The PF4EE instrument is to bridge the gap in affordable commercial
   financing for energy efficiency investment. It does this by making
   lending a more sustainable activity for European private sector
   financial institutions and by increasing the availability of debt
   financing. To this end, the Commission has committed €80 million for
   2014-17 through the LIFE programme to fund credit risk protection and
   expert technical support services. Management of the PF4EE instrument
   is entrusted to the EIB and the bank has committed making a minimum of
   €480 million available for long-term financing.

   Read more >>

The Best LIFE Environment projects 2013

   Best LIFE Environment projects 2013

   17 December 2014The Best LIFE Environment projects 2013 publication
   highlights exemplary environment projects, which received recognition
   at the LIFE Environment Awards. The projects, which were completed
   before the end of 2013, achieved outstanding results, demonstrating
   best practices and pioneering innovative solutions.

   This year, the 10th consecutive year of the awards, was the first time
   that LIFE Information & Communication (LIFE INF) projects with an
   environmental focus were also recognised.

   Four projects were awarded the ultimate accolade of being a ‘Best of
   the Best’ project, including one LIFE INF. In addition, a further 19
   projects (including three LIFE INF) were recognised as ‘Best’ LIFE
   projects for their excellent work.

   Presenting the awards, Dr Hans Bruyninckx, Executive Director of the
   European Environment Agency said: “The innovation that we find in many
   of these projects will be an inspiration for the European institutions
   and for Member States and for a number of other actors.”

   Read more >>

The Best LIFE Nature projects 2013

   The Best LIFE Nature projects 2013

   16 December 2014The Best LIFE Nature projects 2013 publication
   highlights the exceptional achievements of nature conservation and
   restoration projects that were completed before the end of 2013.

   The 6th edition of the annual awards ceremony for the winning projects
   was held in Brussels earlier this year. And for the first time, the
   achievements of LIFE Information & Communication (LIFE INF) projects
   with a nature focus were also recognised.

   Four projects received the ultimate accolade (‘Best of the Best’
   project), including a LIFE INF project in Greece. In addition, a
   further nine projects (including two from the LIFE INF strand) were
   recognised as ‘Best’ LIFE projects for their excellent work.

   All 13 outstanding projects - drawn from nine Member States - are
   featured in this new publication. Together they demonstrate the
   significant contribution that the LIFE programme can make to nature
   conservation practice and policy.

   Read more >>

AgriClimateChange project wins prize at European web awards

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   08 December 2014The LIFE AgriClimateChange project (LIFE09
   ENV/ES/000441) was awarded first prize for its website in the Better
   World category for environment-related projects at the .eu Web Awards
   on 19 November 2014.

   “We are very honoured to have been awarded this prize. By recognising
   the work of the project team it inspires us to continue communicating
   the importance of a more sustainable European farming sector, which is
   essential if we are to achieve any significant improvements,” said
   Eduardo de Miguel, managing director at Fundación Global Nature and
   coordinator of the project.

   He added that, “this is one of the reasons why communication and the
   effective dissemination of the project’s results play a key part in the
   project.”

   Read more >>

LIFE BulPlantNet project receives award for successful biodiversity campaign

   Photo:LIFE08 NAT/BG/000279

   05 December 2014The LIFE project BulPlantNet (LIFE08 NAT/BG/000279) has
   won the Bulgarian Biodiversity Foundation's annual award for the most
   successful campaign for biodiversity conservation. The foundation
   handed out the awards in this and seven further categories during a
   ceremony in Sofia. “The award is of great value to us, since it shows
   that our efforts have been highly appreciated by the broader public,”
   says BulPlantNet project coordinator Prof Dimitar Peev of the Institute
   of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research at the Bulgarian Academy of
   Sciences.

   Read more >>

Natura 2000 Awards: call for entries now open!

   Natura 2000 Awards logo

   03 December 2014The call for applications for the second edition of the
   European Commission's Natura 2000 Awards is now open.

   The Natura 2000 Awards celebrate and promote best practice in nature
   conservation. Specifically, the awards recognise excellence in the
   management and promotion of the Natura 2000 network.

   The initiative is all about bringing the success of the Natura 2000
   network to the public's attention and to demonstrate its importance in
   protecting natural heritage throughout Europe. The winners will be
   announced at an award ceremony in Brussels on Natura 2000 Day – 21 May
   2015.

   Natura 2000 works to assure the long-term survival of Europe's most
   valuable and threatened species and habitats, and is the centrepiece of
   the EU's nature and biodiversity policy.

   Read more >>

LIFE support ensures continuation of the Apennine chamois

   Photo: LIFE09 NAT/IT/000183

   27 November 2014The long conservation history of the Apennine chamois –
   a chamois subspecies (Rupicapra pyrenaica ornata) - received a welcome
   boost with the birth in May 2014 of five kids in the Sirente Velino
   Natural Park (PRSV) in Italy, a site from which the species had
   disappeared in the recent past. That the new arrivals appeared in the
   first birthing season following animal release is a good omen for the
   long-term conservation of the subspecies.

   The newborns mark a successful conclusion to the LIFE COORNATA project
   (LIFE09 NAT/IT/000183). The initiative builds on two previous LIFE
   Nature projects that also build on a long-standing conservation
   tradition. In fact the species recovery efforts can be traced all the
   way back to 1918.

   At the end of the First World War, only 30 individuals of the Apennine
   chamois survived in a restricted area of the central Apennines. Today
   more than 2000 individuals live in 5 populations in the main parks of
   the central Apennines: Abruzzo, Lazio e Molise National Park (PNALM),
   Majella National Park (PNM), Gran Sasso e Monti della Laga National
   Park (PNGSL), Monti Sibillini National Park (PNMS) and Sirente Velino
   Natural Park (PRSV).

   Read more >>

New publication: LIFE and invasive alien species

   LIFE and invasive alien species

   25 November 2014The latest LIFE Nature Focus publication takes a timely
   look at one of the greatest threats to Europe's biodiversity, ecosystem
   services, human health and economic activities. The 76-page LIFE and
   invasive alien species brochure links the work of LIFE projects with
   the aims of the new EU Invasive Alien Species (IAS) Regulation.

   There are an estimated 1200-1800 IAS in Europe and the impact of such
   species is of growing concern. The LIFE programme has been addressing
   the problems posed by invasive alien species for more than two decades.
   Indeed, in that time some 265 LIFE projects have included measures to
   deal with IAS, ranging from steps to prevent their spread to control
   and eradication actions in places where invasive alien species are
   already present and having a negative impact on native species and
   habitats. LIFE also provides a deep well of learning on trans-border
   cooperation, dissemination and awareness-raising efforts with regards
   to IAS.

   This new brochure examines the lessons learned from the LIFE
   programme's extensive experience of dealing with the impacts of IAS. As
   such it is essential reading for policymakers and practitioners in this
   field.

   Read more >>

Vulture from Bulgarian LIFE project found in Jordan

   (Photo: LIFE08 NAT/BG/000278)

   24 November 2014 The LIFE project VULTURES' RETURN (LIFE08
   NAT/BG/000278) has discovered that a young vulture released in Bulgaria
   has managed to travel as far as Jordan. It is the first time that a
   released vulture has been tracked at such a distance. The story came to
   light when a Bedouin man, who had trapped the live bird close to the
   village of Jafir, called the Bulgarian phone number written on the
   bird's wing tag to ask for a reward.

   After the initial contact had been cut short due to communication
   difficulties, the project partners mobilised colleagues from Jordan,
   Israel, and Germany. They found out that the man had caught a young
   male specimen which had originally been ringed, tagged, and released in
   Bulgaria in September 2014. However, when the local Jordanian police
   located the trapper, he claimed that he had re-released the bird.

   Read more >>

LIFE project documentary on the Greater Horseshoe Bat wins grand prize

   Photo: LIFE08 NAT/F/000473

   20 November 2014The project LIFE Chiro Med (LIFE08 NAT/F/000473)
   recently won first prize at the international ornithological film
   festival, held in France, for their documentary film entitled, The Life
   of the Greater Horseshoe Bat. The film, directed by Tanguy Stoecklé and
   produced by the Groupe Chiroptères de Provence, is about a colony of
   the rare greater horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum) that live in
   the Camargue Natural Regional Park, France.

   The greater horseshoe bat is one of the most amazing and mysterious
   bats in Europe. The film gives an insight into the life a young female
   bat and its mother and takes viewers on a thrilling but challenging
   journey.

   Read more >>

Scientific journal publishes results of LIFE project on insect song

   image:LIFE08 NAT/GR/000539

   12 November 2014Researchers from the AMIBIO project (LIFE08
   NAT/GR/000539) have established a song library for orthopteran insects
   that facilitates automated species recognition in the Mediterranean.
   Their work has now been published in the Journal of Insect Conservation
   (October 2014, Volume 18, Issue 5, pp 909-925).

   Orthoptera is an order of insects, including grasshoppers, crickets,
   locusts, and other species, many of whom produce sound (known as
   stridulation). The AMBIO project identified 20 different species on
   Hymettus Mountain in Athens. Hymettus Mountain is a Natura 2000 network
   site where AMBIO installed an innovative acoustic biodiversity
   monitoring system to collect sounds produced by the local insects,
   birds, mammals, and amphibians.

   Read more >>

Bulgarian LIFE experts help convict egg collector

   image: BSPB

   12 November 2014An English egg collector has been convicted in Bulgaria
   for the plundering of eggs of rare and endangered bird species. Jan
   Frederick Ross was handed a six-month prison sentence, suspended for
   three years, and a BGN 5000 (€ 2500) fine after pleading guilty to the
   illegal possession of 16 bird eggs and 3 taxidermy specimens.

   Central to his conviction in October was the testimony of experts from
   the Bulgarian Society for the Protection of Birds (BSPB) who are
   involved in the LIFE  projects, LIFE for Eagles Forest (LIFE12
   NAT/BG/001218) and Return of the Neophronria and Greece’ (LIFE10
   NAT/BG/000152). The egg-collecting conviction, the first of its kind in
   Bulgaria, followed a lengthy investigation carried out by the BSPB, the
   Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB)/ BirdLife UK and the
   Bulgarian police.

   Read more >>

LIFE project produces award winning films about saving the Danube sturgeon

   (LIFE11 INF/AT/000902

   07 November 2014The LIFE project Saving Danube Sturgeons (LIFE11
   INF/AT/000902) has produced and published award-winning videos on the
   plight of the highly endangered species the Danube sturgeon. In
   Bulgaria the films were broadcast by several TV stations, including the
   national television channel. The project teams in Bulgaria and Romania
   also used the films in a web and information campaign about the
   sturgeon. The videos were directed by Dragomir Sholev, one of best
   young Bulgarian directors, and the TV campaign "The Invisible Fish",
   won bronze in the prestigious FARA 2014 advertising awards in Bulgaria.

   Read more >>

LIFE+ Hyper Bus outperforms targets

   Copyright Kristian Pohl/Government Offices of Sweden

   03 November 2014The results of the ambitious Swedish electro mobility
   project, LIFE+ Hyper Bus (LIFE10 ENV/SE/000041) have surpassed
   expectation. This public-private sector collaboration has developed and
   trialled three new plug-in hybrid buses with fast-charging batteries in
   Gothenburg.

   It was the first time that the vehicles were tested in regular service.
   As a measure of the international interest in the project – in
   September 2013, the technology behind the Hyper Bus was showcased to US
   President Barack Obama during his visit to Sweden.

   Read more >>

Austrian LIFE project wins International RiverFoundation award

   Photo:Astrid Knie / Wiener Wasser

   03 November 2014The achievements of Murerleben (LIFE08 NAT/A/000614)
   have been recognised by the Australian-based International
   RiverFoundation (IRF), which has awarded the LIFE project a prestigious
   River Prize.

   The IRF rewards outstanding sustainable management projects that
   benefit the world's rivers, lakes and wetlands. Its flagship programme
   comprises the Thiess International, the Australian and the European
   River Prizes. Although the International prize was founded in 1999, the
   European River Prize was first awarded in 2013. This prize is
   administered from the IRF Europe office in Vienna and is judged by a
   panel of European experts, with the winner receiving an elegant trophy
   and €25 000 thanks to sponsorship by Coca-Cola Europe.

   The LIFE Murerleben project won the award for restoring, maintaining
   and improving the landscapes of the upper Mur River in Styria
   (Austria). The upper Mur had become badly degraded due to river
   channelling, which causes a reduction in river dynamics and a loss of
   habitats, and the construction of weirs and hydropower stations that
   disrupt river continuity.

   Read more >>

LIFE project teams up with Jane Goodall to reintroduce migratory bird species

   Photo:Waldrappteam and Parco Natura Viva

   27 October 2014 Jane Goodall, the eminent primatologist and UN
   messenger of peace, joined the LIFE project ‘LIFE Northern Bald Ibis –
   Reason for Hope’ (LIFE12 BIO/AT/000143) and representatives from two
   Italian hunting associations, to sign a pioneering agreement on 12
   October 2014 that supports the sustainable reintroduction of migratory
   northern bald ibis or waldrapp (Geronticus eremita) in Europe.
   Crucially, the signatories agreed to protect this and other endangered
   migratory bird species from illegal hunting in Italy.

   The signing of the agreement took place during a ceremony held at the
   Parco Natura Vivia (Bussolengo, Italy). The Italian park, one of the
   nine LIFE project partners, plays an important role within the campaign
   against illegal hunting in Italy. At the signing ceremony, Dr Goodall
   awarded honorary patronages to representatives of the two Italian
   hunting associations and also to ten school groups, who all adopted
   individual birds.

   Read more >>

2014 Call for LIFE Action Grants: deadline for submission extented

   EU Flags

   16 October 2014 The deadline for submitting "Traditional" Projects has
   officially been extented until Friday 24th October 2014 at 16:00
   Brussels local time instead of 16th October.


DG Environment and LIFE programme at IUCN World Parks Congress

   2014 IUCN World Parks Congress

   06 October 2014 DG Environment and the LIFE programme will be present
   at the 2014 IUCN World Parks Congress in Sydney, Australia next month
   (12-19 November). The DG Environment stand will include an area
   showcasing LIFE project videos and other programme achievements.

   All LIFE projects also are invited to participate in the Saved Nature
   Photography Competition that will be running throughout the 2014 IUCN
   World Parks Congress (entrants need not be present at the congress). To
   enter, click here.

   Held every 10 years, The IUCN World Parks Congress is a landmark global
   forum that is designed to set the agenda for the conservation of
   protected areas for the coming decade. Based around the theme, "Parks,
   people, planet: inspiring solutions", the 2014 congress seeks to
   present, discuss and create original approaches for conservation and
   development. It also will mark the launch of the Standard for the IUCN
   Green List of Protected  Areas and the criteria for Key Biodiversity
   Areas, both of which are closely linked to the EU policy agenda in this
   field.

   Read more >>

Marine thematic report

   MARINE THEMATIC REPORT

   30 September 2014 The LIFE Monitoring Team has published a thematic
   report on marine-related LIFE projects. Subtitled ‘The future of
   Europe’s seas’, the 116-page study analyses the LIFE programme’s
   contribution to protecting and improving the marine environment.

   Previous studies have analysed LIFE’s impact on the water sector, noise
   and air and soil.

   The principal objectives of the Marine Thematic Report were as follows:
     * To review current marine-related legislation;
     * To review all marine-related LIFE projects to examine trends and
       the costs of implementation (both total and EU contributions);
     * To review selected projects relating to the implementation of the
       Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) and associated
       Programmes of Measures (POMs), using SWOT analysis;
     * To review selected projects that provide new solutions and best
       practice for implementation of EU legislation and policy in the
       most efficient way and a high potential for transferability within
       the EU; and
     * To understand the relevance of project approaches, including
       factors for failure or success of certain approaches.

   Read more >>
   LIFE Community forum

New LIFE Regulation 2014–2020

   Read more >>

Highlights

     * LIFE multiannual work programme for 2014-2017
     * Final Evaluation of LIFE+ Summary of Conclusions and
       Recommendations
     * Prioritised Action Framework initiative for the Natura 2000 network

Events

     * 30 January LIFE + IMAGINE workshop on coastal management in Italy
       Genova, Italy
     * 26-27 February Meet LIFE at the World Sustainable Energy Days 2015
       Wels, Austria
     * 03-05 March Upland biodiversity – final conference for MoorLIFE
       Halifax, UK
     * 26-27 March Conference to discuss conservation of dry grasslands in
       Natura 2000 sites Rome, Italy
     * 06-11 June LIFE GEOHEALTH conference on link between environment
       and health Bratislava, Slovakia
     * View all events  >>

   NEW PUBLICATION
   LIFE brochures

   Best LIFE Nature projects 2013 >>
   NEW PUBLICATION
   LIFE brochures

   The Best LIFE Environment projects 2013 >>
   NEW PUBLICATION
   LIFE brochures

   LIFE and invasive alien species >>
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     *
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Life: Keith Richards Paperback – 26 May 2011

   by
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   Trade In Promotion

   With the Rolling Stones, Keith Richards created the riffs, the lyrics
   and the songs that roused the world, and over four decades he lived the
   original rock and roll life: taking the chances he wanted, speaking his
   mind, and making it all work in a way that no one before him had ever
   done.

   Now, at last, the man himself tells us the story of life in the
   crossfire hurricane. And what a life. Listening obsessively to Chuck
   Berry and Muddy Waters records as a child in post-war Kent. Learning
   guitar and forming a band with Mick Jagger and Brian Jones. The Rolling
   Stones' first fame and success as a bad-boy band. The notorious
   Redlands drug bust and subsequent series of confrontations with a
   nervous establishment that led to his enduring image as outlaw and folk
   hero. Creating immortal riffs such as the ones in 'Jumping Jack Flash'
   and 'Street Fighting Man' and 'Honky Tonk Women'. Falling in love with
   Anita Pallenberg and the death of Brian Jones. Tax exile in France,
   wildfire tours of the US, 'Exile on Main Street' and 'Some Girls'. Ever
   increasing fame, isolation and addiction. Falling in love with Patti
   Hansen. Estrangement from Mick Jagger and subsequent reconciliation.
   Solo albums and performances with his band the Xpensive Winos.
   Marriage, family and the road that goes on for ever. In a voice that is
   uniquely and intimately his own, with the disarming honesty that has
   always been his trademark, Keith Richards brings us the essential life
   story of our times.
   Read more Read less
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Product details

     * Paperback: 640 pages
     * Publisher: W&N (26 May 2011)
     * Language: English
     * ISBN-10: 0753826615
     * ISBN-13: 978-0753826614
     * Product Dimensions: 12.9 x 4 x 19.7 cm
     * Average Customer Review: 4.2 out of 5 stars  See all reviews (359
       customer reviews)

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     * Amazon Bestsellers Rank: 8,783 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)

     * #30 in Books > Biography > Film, Television & Music > Music > Rock
       & Pop
     * #42 in Books > Music, Stage & Screen > Music > Styles > Rock & Pop
       > Styles
     * #44 in Books > Music, Stage & Screen > Music > Composers &
       Musicians

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More About the Author

   › Visit Amazon's Keith Richards Page
   Keith Richards
   Keith Richards was born in Dartford in 1943 and founded the Rolling
   Stones with Mick Jagger in 1962. He lives in Connecticut.
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Most Helpful Customer Reviews

   238 of 260 people found the following review helpful
   Keith Richards - Caught in a cross fire hurricane
   By Red on Black TOP 50 REVIEWERVINE VOICE on 27 Oct. 2010
   Format: Hardcover
   Keith Richards is in danger of becoming respectable, what with starring
   interviews on the Andrew Marr show, bit parts in Disney's "the Pirates
   of Caribbean" and an emerging status as national treasure. He has even
   received the ultimate accolade this week namely a vicious attack from
   the increasingly insane ex Trot and current bigot Peter Hitchens who
   blamed him for causing more damage than the Iraq War and described him
   as "a debauched, capering streak of living gristle who ought to be
   exhibited as a warning to the young of what drugs can do to you". As
   usual Hitchens couldn't be more wrong since after reading "Life" a
   electrifying autobiography ghost written with James Fox someone ought
   to work out the physiology of Richards since the man is clearly
   indestructible despite the most astounding chemical intake and even
   more remarkable he appears to going as strong as ever. The life of this
   man who founded the Rolling Stones, invented rock guitar, gave us
   "Honky Tonk Women", "Brown Sugar", the seminal "Exile on Main Street"
   and a host of other treasures is something we should warmly celebrate
   and not carp about.
   Great rock autobiographies are a rare species but this book by Richards
   amounting 547 pages ranging from a drug bust in Fordyce, Arkansas to a
   quick final explanation that he did indeed snort his Dad's ashes (but
   in a very affectionate way!) and ending in the death of his dear old
   mum Doris is a very intimate, revealing, warts an all account of a
   fascinating life packed with brilliant photographs and stories to
   spare. Fox has captured his subject well and you can hear Richards
   voice loud and clear with its colourful language of "cats", his love of
   Shepherd's pie ("don't bust the crust") and roguish charm.Read more ›
   19 Comments Was this review helpful to you? Yes No Sending feedback...
   Thank you for your feedback. If this review is inappropriate, please
   let us know.
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   65 of 72 people found the following review helpful
   Sympathy for the old devil
   By Amazon Customer TOP 500 REVIEWERVINE VOICE on 28 Oct. 2010
   Format: Hardcover
   There are bound to be many glowing reports from lifelong 'Stones fans
   who won't put up with any criticism or doubt. I'm no huge fan but you'd
   have to be pretty obtuse to deny the huge influence of the Rolling
   Stones and there are plenty of their tracks that I like and have done
   for years.
   To be honest I didn't hold out much hope for this but must admit to
   being surprised at how well the reader is led along and at the candid
   way everything is laid bare including no few moments that don't exactly
   cover Mr. Richards in glory.
   All the famous myths about him that have almost become urban legends
   are spoken about and quite a few lesser/ unknown ones too. He is very
   open about his myriad substances of choice and how they have influenced
   so much of his life. But these anecdotes aren't really what set this
   autobiography apart from any other. Rather it's the fascinating
   insights into his dynamic with the rest of the band, (often destructive
   and bitter but ultimately artistically productive and mellowed with
   age),.
   There have been a lot of reviews that have tried to set this up as some
   sort of 'Keef against the world' type thing which frankly is rubbish.
   He has done pretty much whatever he wanted and although has nearly
   killed himself off all in all it seems to have been a bit of a blast.
   In all fairness he himself doesn't come across as someone either
   feeling hard done by nor as some sort of hero, (although many fans and
   peers would argue strongly that he is), but neither does he pretend to
   be 'just one of the lads'. His life has been well out of the ordinary
   and the events described in this book show just what a rollercoaster
   ride this man has chosen to be on and a sad look at those who left too
   early.Read more ›
   Comment Was this review helpful to you? Yes No Sending feedback...
   Thank you for your feedback. If this review is inappropriate, please
   let us know.
   Sorry, we failed to record your vote. Please try again
   20 of 22 people found the following review helpful
   What A LIFE
   By Julius Seize-Her! on 14 Dec. 2011
   Format: Kindle Edition
   Life is the best rock biography I have ever read (though it is not a
   genre I often indulge since it is mostly moderate talents with big
   heads blowing their predictable trumpets). The quality of the writing
   is actually poor, sort of speech rhythms, but that's fine since you
   just hear Keef's voice drawling at you in its charming, amiable way.
   His life is full of surprises; being unwittingly used as getaway driver
   for a jewellery heist when the Stones were already big, delicate and
   understanding about the women who mattered, badly bullied at school,
   great, bizarre drug stories (which could so easily have been a tedious
   staple in lesser hands) and always the wry observer of the wild world
   he moved through.
   Perhaps predictably, what endears the most is the artist in the man. He
   loves the music. He is as big a fan as any hormonal teenager. It even
   starts to seem odd that the (brilliant, wonderful) Stones should be
   such a success since what we have here is a man who adores other
   musicians.
   Despite his laconic swagger on stage, there is none of the expected
   arrogance. He spent days on end learning tiny little variations on
   chords just to play London pubs - that was the horizon of his initial
   vision of the Stones.
   In the end this is a life-affirming book, brimming with artistic
   passion and never taking the pop world seriously. Like all great
   artists, Keef comes across as a true one-off, and a pleasure to listen
   to.
   1 Comment Was this review helpful to you? Yes No Sending feedback...
   Thank you for your feedback. If this review is inappropriate, please
   let us know.
   Sorry, we failed to record your vote. Please try again
   40 of 44 people found the following review helpful
   Superstardom Sarf London Style
   By conjunction on 29 Oct. 2010
   Format: Hardcover Verified Purchase
   It's hard to judge this book. When I was thirteen my sister and I
   gravitated from Elvis and Cliff to the Beatles and the Stones, buying
   every LP as it was released. Later at University Beggars Banquet was
   played more than anything. Many years later I played Exile on Main
   Street solid for ten years, so much I can hardly listen to it now.
   So I can't be objective, its like reading a book by my cousin. It's
   very very frank about relationships, about drugs, about occasional
   violence. There's a lot of stuff about musical technique, just like
   Miles Davis's autobiography, which it reminds me of. I don't understand
   most of this not being a guitarist, but the feel of these sections is
   great. It makes you want to get out all your John Lee Hooker and Jimmy
   Reed records.
   The section about Brian Jones is revealing. This is actually the first
   book about the Stones I have read, so in comparison with the general
   familiarity from newspaper stories and rumours I had this is great, and
   Richards has an aura of telling the truth, by and large I would mostly
   buy what he's saying. There is also a very moving section about Gram
   Parsons, who seems to have been one of his closest musical associates
   and friends.
   Earlier, all the stuff about his family is fabulous. Its worth tracking
   down the full length version of the Andrew Marr interview on BBCi
   incidentally, where Marr and Keith say his childhood was Dickensian
   which was exactly what was going through my head when I was reading
   about his wonderful family. His mother and his maternal grandfather
   were something else.
   Some of the stuff about about the early sixties blues scene echoes what
   you can read in, say, a Pete Townshend biography I've read.Read more ›
   1 Comment Was this review helpful to you? Yes No Sending feedback...
   Thank you for your feedback. If this review is inappropriate, please
   let us know.
   Sorry, we failed to record your vote. Please try again
   See all 359 customer reviews (newest first) on Amazon.co.uk
   Write a customer review

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   Were these reviews helpful? Let us know

Most Recent Customer Reviews

   Four Stars

   INTERESTING READ.
   Published 6 days ago by AILEEN COPLEY
   Great Read

   Great Read, Mr Richards leaves no stone unturned, very open and honest
   about his life...
   Published 10 days ago by Tattoo'd Monkey
   The book is great - the good and the bad

   In which Keef separates the man from the myth. The book is great - the
   good and the bad. The best thing for me is how Keith has
   retained has fans eye view of music and his... Read more
   Published 13 days ago by Jimmy D
   For fans only

   It sounded interesting but I'm afraid I found it a turgid read. I gave
   up after a couple of chapters and gave it to a charity shop.
   Published 16 days ago by Nutzer
   Five Stars

   A fascinating read. Most enjoyable.
   Published 22 days ago by Gordon M Milne
   Five Stars

   great read
   Published 29 days ago by Mimi
   Very entertaining

   Man, Keith has lived a life. He has done more than 30 people do in a
   lifetime, and this book captures the essence of his character. Read
   more
   Published 1 month ago by Sam Dix
   great book and well written

   What a fascinating insight to the Stones, great book and well written.
   Can't put it down.
   Published 1 month ago by Mrs. Julia C. West
   GREAT VALUE

   GREAT VALUE
   Published 1 month ago by MR R D DOLBEAR
   Thoroughly enjoyable

   Life is a particularly apt title, given how tenaciously Mr. Richards
   tends to cling on to it, despite doing his best to send himself to hell
   several times over. Read more
   Published 1 month ago by Mrs. K. A. Wheatley
   Search Customer Reviews
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<file=22 
   #LIFE IS LIFE IS LIFE IS LIFE alternate

LIFE IS LIFE IS LIFE IS LIFE

   ____________________
   Out there in the citrus, out there in the firs, lost selves in
   occasions, tape cells to the floor. Out there in the distance, out
   there in the hair, burn a babe in citrus she's acid wash and bare.
   Animal babe is coming, animal babe is coming, animal babe is here.

     Soundcloud

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9th Jan 2015 | 1 note

   Happy New Year How in the hell could you enjoy being awakened by an
   alarm clock, leap out of bed, dress, force-feed, shit, piss, brush
   teeth and hair, and fight traffic to get to a place where essentially
   you make lots of money for somebody else&#8230; And we&#8217;re asked
   to be grateful for the opportunity to do so? Are you emptying out? are
   you a body with an obedient mind? Charles says that&#8217;s the case,
   he said the colour leaves our eyes and the voice becomes ugly, as does
   your body, your hair, your fingernails, your shoes. We say people live
   to sweat, we clock in and out just like you, you&#8217;ve gotta right?
   I guess it allows you to ooze in the darkness&#8230;.. so come see our
   fucking souls dance this week and next as we promise to give you all
   something back - Thanks to all those who hung out with us, came to see
   us and played with us last year. Now lets crack on with 2015 and
   destroy co-writes and privilege coz that itch is sore.  Be free. Speak
   Freely. Be creative. and Realness will prevail.

   Happy New Year

   How in the hell could you enjoy being awakened by an alarm clock, leap
   out of bed, dress, force-feed, shit, piss, brush teeth and hair, and
   fight traffic to get to a place where essentially you make lots of
   money for somebody else… And we’re asked to be grateful for the
   opportunity to do so? Are you emptying out? are you a body with an
   obedient mind? Charles says that’s the case, he said the colour leaves
   our eyes and the voice becomes ugly, as does your body, your hair, your
   fingernails, your shoes. We say people live to sweat, we clock in and
   out just like you, you’ve gotta right? I guess it allows you to ooze in
   the darkness….. so come see our fucking souls dance this week and next
   as we promise to give you all something back - Thanks to all those who
   hung out with us, came to see us and played with us last year. Now lets
   crack on with 2015 and destroy co-writes and privilege coz that itch
   is sore.

   Be free. Speak Freely. Be creative. and Realness will prevail.

5th Jan 2015 | 2 notes

   IFRAME:
   https://www.youtube.com/embed/VAbdyHxsGpo?feature=oembed&enablejsapi=1&
   origin=http://safe.txmblr.com&wmode=opaque

   LIFE - Take Off With You

   Buy it here on itunes:
   https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/take-off-with-you-single/id884971094

   Featured in The Guardian top 10 Alternative Songs - Summer 2014

   http://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2014/jul/30/10-new-alternati
   ve-songs

   Playlisted on Amazing Radio and XFM and spun by the likes of Zane Lowe
   and Steve Lamacq on Radio 1 and BBC 6. Realness prevails.

   Released by Birthday Records, produced by Nick Hodgson

   We were beautifully skint, we washed our clothes in the sink, we would
   eat tinned fruit, debate the drugs that we shoot. And all the things
   that we do and all the things that we do, I wanna take off with you. We
   would fade out of sight, disappear with the night and your words don’t
   wash despite your shampoo gloss. And all the things that we do and all
   the things that we do, I wanna take off with you.

   Lyrics Mez/Mick

   (Source: youtube.com)

5th Jan 2015

   Shout out to all the festivals we played in 2014 highlights included
   Boardmasters (the hurricane), Live at Leeds (the 02!!), Kendal Calling
   (the mud), Dot2Dot (Macaulay Culkin), Freedom Festival (the crowd),
   Trinity Festival (the crowd), Liverpool Sound City (the
   durrrrr), Humber Street (yes you Mak), The Great Escape (the booze) and
   of course to all youse who came and saw us, as that&#8217;s what makes
   it real. Photo by Nelly Naylor

   Shout out to all the festivals we played in 2014 highlights included
   Boardmasters (the hurricane), Live at Leeds (the 02!!), Kendal Calling
   (the mud), Dot2Dot (Macaulay Culkin), Freedom Festival (the crowd),
   Trinity Festival (the crowd), Liverpool Sound City (the
   durrrrr), Humber Street (yes you Mak), The Great Escape (the booze) and
   of course to all youse who came and saw us, as that’s what makes it
   real.

   Photo by Nelly Naylor

5th Jan 2015 | 1 note

   IFRAME:
   http://www.lifeband.co.uk/post/107244092849/photoset_iframe/life-band-u
   k/tumblr_nhq2cbqS4t1riff5p/500/false

   Your favourite actor Ryan Guzzling

5th Jan 2015

   The Adelphi 30th Birthday&#8230; &#8221;For 30 years the Adelphi has
   stayed true to an independent ethos. As a touring band we’ve seen how
   music venues around the country have become more and more corporate and
   it’s sucking the life out of live music. Adelphi is the polar opposite
   of a faceless, commercially branded venue; it’s unique and has the
   DNA of Hull running through its brickwork; an honest space for music.
   It will be an honour to be part of its 30th Birthday.” Mez Green, Lead
   Singer Here:
   http://www.theadelphi.com/life-to-support-kaiser-chiefs-3-oct-2014/
   Photo by Anna Bean, autumn 2014

   The Adelphi 30th Birthday… ”For 30 years the Adelphi has stayed true to
   an independent ethos. As a touring band we’ve seen how music venues
   around the country have become more and more corporate and it’s sucking
   the life out of live music. Adelphi is the polar opposite of a
   faceless, commercially branded venue; it’s unique and has the DNA of
   Hull running through its brickwork; an honest space for music. It will
   be an honour to be part of its 30th Birthday.” Mez Green, Lead Singer

   Here:
   http://www.theadelphi.com/life-to-support-kaiser-chiefs-3-oct-2014/

   Photo by Anna Bean, autumn 2014

5th Jan 2015

   Outdoors put your mother fucking shades on&#8230; hip priests
   yes but no rich cunts. See our session for Tenement TV during the
   festival here:
   http://www.tenementtv.com/artists/life-on-location-wickerman-festival/
   LIFE opening main stage at Wickerman Festival Photo by Cammy Hudson,
   summer 2014

   Outdoors put your mother fucking shades on… hip priests yes but no rich
   cunts.

   See our session for Tenement TV during the festival here:
   http://www.tenementtv.com/artists/life-on-location-wickerman-festival/

   LIFE opening main stage at Wickerman Festival

   Photo by Cammy Hudson, summer 2014

5th Jan 2015

Take Off With You available in the USA!

   —

   Nice words from Stereogum:
   http://www.stereogum.com/1711714/life-take-off-with-you-money-videos/vi
   deo/

   Buy Take Off With You on the US iTunes here via Grand Jury:
   https://itunes.apple.com/gb/artist/life/id366693291?ign-mpt=uo%3D4

   UK version still here:
   https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/take-off-with-you/id884971094?i=88497
   1101

5th Jan 2015

   We be up on Pigeons and Planes and all that shit&#8230;.don&#8217;t
   quote me.
   http://pigeonsandplanes.com/2014/06/daily-discovery-life-is-an-english-
   rock-band-and-they-actually-rock/

   We be up on Pigeons and Planes and all that shit….don’t quote me.

   http://pigeonsandplanes.com/2014/06/daily-discovery-life-is-an-english-
   rock-band-and-they-actually-rock/

5th Jan 2015

   IFRAME:
   https://www.youtube.com/embed/xSCaoK94S68?feature=oembed&enablejsapi=1&
   origin=http://safe.txmblr.com&wmode=opaque

   LIFE - Crawling

   Buy this double-a side single: here:
   https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/money/id836249325?i=836249448

   Or on vinyl here:
   http://birthdayrecords.bigcartel.com/product/life-money-crawling

   Championed by our man Zane Lowe on Radio 1. Realness prevails.

   Released by Birthday Records, produced by Nick Hodgson

   Crawling: Useless knowledge pouring out and falling to the ground, your
   jaw drops those bombs that talk of your feelings and clichéd beliefs in
   peace and love man you’re dreaming that Lords float above, Well do
   they? No, well I don’t know, but I’m pretty sure they don’t, Do they
   know? No, well I don’t know anything. I’m crawling up the walls but I
   feel alright I’m crawling up the walls but I feel alright I’ve lost my
   sense of purpose but I’m fine I’m crawling up the walls but I feel
   alright. You talk of problems that are dead and rotten to the core. I’m
   crawling up the walls.

   Lyrics - Mez/Mick

   (Source: youtube.com)

5th Jan 2015

   IFRAME:
   http://www.lifeband.co.uk/post/107240062479/photoset_iframe/life-band-u
   k/tumblr_nhq01b8J0K1riff5p/500/false

   Playing upside down bass is our game…

   LIFE supporting Blackwire, Birthdays, London

   Photos by Dan Wilson, 2014

5th Jan 2015

Slur

   You were cold

   so you put on your fur

   before leaving for the bar.

   And for unknown reason

   I opened your purse

   fingered keys

   wondering if I would have to

   Say please,

   draped in perfume

   on your return

   I slided over

   nice tits

   bunching your lips-

   you stood.

   Leaving me the sight of your hips

   walk through the door.

5th Jan 2015

   IFRAME:
   http://www.lifeband.co.uk/post/107239691794/photoset_iframe/life-band-u
   k/tumblr_nhpztaR6WD1riff5p/500/false

   Straight to the top, ya think…

   Headlining Freedom and Trinity Festival in Hull was an honour, Hull you
   beast of a place!!

   Photos by Paul Newbon, summer 2014

5th Jan 2015

Spines

                              Penetrate Pennines

                           from one rose to another

                          splitting England’s spine.

                            Piercing ancient rock

                        packed like speeding sardines

                            on an Eastbound train.

                               Finally we pull,

                           with a murmuring groan,

                             into Paragon Station

                            where die-cast Larkin

                          stands, waiting in bronze,

                            fixed – forever late.

                               I am transient,

                        travelling from home to Hull,

                              on eternal trains

                              a living midpoint

                          awaiting that plunge into

                                full reality.

                       So staring out into the distance

                       on yet another train that races.

                      This is the spine of my existence

                      caught for now between two places.

5th Jan 2015

   Point and shoot - - - - LIFE at Birthdays in Dalston, London Photo
   by Dan Wilson 2014

   Point and shoot - - - -

   LIFE at Birthdays in Dalston, London

   Photo by Dan Wilson

   2014

   The Minimalist Theme — Tumblr themes by Pixel Union | Powered by Tumblr

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Stephen Hawking unveils 'life changing' new voice technology in London

Stephen Hawking has spoken of the 'life changing' new technology he and Intel
have developed over the past three years

   Stephen Hawking
   Stephen Hawking Photo: DESIREE MARTIN/AFP

   By Rhiannon Williams

   12:17PM GMT 02 Dec 2014
   Follow

   Comments Comments

   Professor Stephen Hawking has unveiled a new communications platform
   which he hailed as "life changing".

   Speaking at an event in London, Professor Hawking said “We are pushing
   the boundaries of what is possible”, and claimed that without the new
   platform he would not be able to speak today.

   “Medicine has not been able to cure me, so I rely on technology to help
   me communicate and live,” he said. “The development of this system has
   the potential to improve the lives of disabled people around the world
   and is leading the way in terms of human interaction and the ability to
   overcome communication boundaries that once stood in the way.”

   Computing giant Intel offered to help Professor Hawking with his
   computing and speech synthesiser in the mid-nineties, and he approached
   the company several years ago to help modernise his current
   communication system.

   Lama Nachman, Principle Engineer at Intel, said the new system had been
   developed over the past three years, and is hooked over Professor
   Hawking's glasses and onto his cheek. Motion in the cheek is detected
   through an infra-red sensor, allowing him to select a letter of the
   alphabet, which in turn triggers numerous word suggestions.

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   "We're able to speed up some of the common tasks he does on his machine
   by about 10 times," she said. "Stephen was looking for something very
   familiar, that is similar to his current interface but much more
   effective."

   One of the problems Professor Hawking encountered with his previous
   system was that his word-per-minute rate was decreasing. Intel decided
   to reduce the amount of characters needed to be typed in order to
   complete full words, and were approached by British software
   application developers SwiftKey to help tailor the system to his needs.
   Their text prediction technology means Professor Hawking now needs to
   type fewer than one in five of the letters for the words he uses.

   The new platform has been designed to mimic Professor Hawking's current
   system exactly, featuring a near-identical user interface, and
   communicates with the current speech synthesiser.

   "My old system is more than 20 years old, and I was finding it very
   difficult to continue to communicate effectively and do the things I
   love to do every day," Professor Hawking said.

   "This new system is life-changing for me, and I hope that it will serve
   me well for the next 20 years."

   Pete Denman, user experience designer at Intel Labs, praised Professor
   Hawking for allowing the company "unprecedented access" into his life,
   allowing the team to watch hours of video of him working, as well as
   travelling with him and seeing him relax.

   SwiftKey produced a bespoke language model by analysing Professor
   Hawking's lectures, books and unpublished documents, which now
   continually adapts to his writing style the more he interacts with it.

   Intel said they planned to make the system open-source and free for
   users.

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<file=26 
   [25169.png?trk_user=25169&amp;trk_tit=jsdisabled&amp;trk_ref=jsdisabled
   &amp;trk_loc=jsdisabled]

   infographic

   Birmingham
   0121 200 7200
   London
   0203 402 2662
   [LifeLogo.png]

   Clarity. Brevity. Conviction.
   [life-longline.png]
   [life-longlinearrowhead.png]
   [nivea-icon-51b844c35710f.png]
   [carling-logo-519b3b64e2c25.png]
   [nescafe-icon-51b8406be7ca0.png]
   [kitkat-icon-51b84192128f0.png]
   [gsk-logo-519b3ba15571b.png]
   [chicagotown-515d48e1ae46d.png]
   Nivea Nivea Nivea Nivea Nivea
   Carling Brilliantly British Carling Brilliantly British Carling
   Brilliantly British Carling Brilliantly British
   Nescafe 3-in-1 Nescafe 3-in-1 Nescafe 3-in-1 Nescafe 3-in-1
   The Cocoa Plan The Cocoa Plan The Cocoa Plan The Cocoa Plan The Cocoa
   Plan
   Aquafresh Aquafresh Aquafresh Aquafresh Aquafresh
   Chicago Town Chicago Town Chicago Town Chicago Town

   100 year old brand.

   My Granny used it.

   My Mum uses it.

   I don’t.

   Our recommendation…A brand with such ubiquity and heritage is often
   misunderstood. Tackle the naysayers head on. Give the “yeah but it’s
   not for me” types something to re appraise. Drive renewed brand and
   product relevance by creating a youthful and modern narrative.

   Pose a question. Put some tension in it. Create debate. Ask the
   experts. Get the Nation’s women involved. Directly. Let them tell their
   stories. Let them show us what it means to them. Then play out the
   results. TTL. Obviously.
   [life-atl.png]
   [life-dm.png]
   [life-events.png]
   [life-pr.png]
   [life-social.png]
   [life-www.png]

   Driving re-appraisal

   Diamond Jubilee & home Olympics. Bunting everywhere.

   No better time to be British.

   But, no role for the UK’s no.1 lager.

   Our recommendation…A brand with ‘Britishness’ as its cornerstone must
   be visible. It mustn’t look like it’s jumping on any bandwagon because
   it doesn’t have an official role. Take ownership of celebrations,
   sample far and wide, make sure for every ‘cheers’ there’s a Carling.
   Set up a partnership with “The Big Lunch” – the Jubilee party
   organisers. Offer every street party in the land free booze. Genius!
   Use the activity to drive massive noise online, dominate social media,
   use every courier firm in the UK (and Poland!) to distribute £2m worth
   of samples. Placing Carling at the heart of the celebrations. Nurofen,
   anyone?
   [life-dm.png]
   [life-press.png]
   [life-retail.png]
   [life-www.png]

   Driving trial and re-appraisal

   New Brand.

   New Segment.

   New Format.

   No Customers.

   Our recommendation…Survive the first 18 months by justifying listings
   and facings through selling lots, profitably. And because everything’s
   new no one knows what it is so hold the fancy-smanchy creative.

   Show me what it looks like, tell me what it is and demonstrate how it
   works. TTL. So we did.
   [life-atl.png]
   [life-dm.png]
   [life-events.png]
   [life-pr.png]
   [life-social.png]
   [life-www.png]

   NPD launch

   Nestlé.

   West Africa.

   Cocoa Supply Chain.

   First Global CSV Initiative.

   Discuss.

   Our recommendation…proceed with extreme caution. Create a long term
   programme that establishes the problems, approaches to the solutions
   and the brand’s role. Build on proprietary capability, embrace 3rd
   parties, stakeholders and NGOs. Avoid quick wins and green wash. Tell
   people about it. Convincingly.

   Write a plan. Write the journey story. Avoid goals and the big FMCG
   sell. Build an online repository of all activity. Launch at the UN.
   Promote TTL. Launch in UK. Then Germany, Australia, Japan and Brazil.
   Do the same again. For Nescafé, please.
   [life-press.png]
   [life-retail.png]
   [life-sp.png]
   [life-www.png]

   Corporate social responsibility

   Toothpaste.

   It’s all the same.

   A dull category.

   Customers losing faith.

   Our recommendation…Leverage the relaunch of Aquafresh’s most successful
   ad and underpin it with a superior taste claim to overcome low
   engagement and choice complexity. Bring this to life through a complete
   path to purchase across all key accounts to remind customers and
   shoppers about why Aquafresh has been loved by families for decades.

   Provide unmissable visibility on the way into store through the emotive
   ‘Billy Boy’ family icons and convince at fixture with a compelling RTB.
   [life-atl.png]
   [life-dm.png]
   [life-pr.png]
   [life-social.png]

   Driving re-appraisal

   Pizzas.

   All the same.

   Frozen are worst.

   BOGOF is the RTB.

   Our recommendation…A low involvement grocery brand with little
   difference perceived by customers and consumers needs a unique
   difference bought to life for our customers and consumers.

   Be ruthlessly single minded. Provide real reasons to believe. Sell the
   USP and the increased RRP. Shout it proud. Grow the category while
   you’re at it. Repeat. For 6 years. TTL.
   [life-events.png]
   [life-press.png]
   [life-sp.png]
   [life-tv.png]
   [life-www.png]

   Driving more penetration
   [clients-lineframe-bigger.png]
   [clients-bottom-line-bigger2.png]

   We’re very proud to work as partners with these brand owners…our
   relationships with their brands’ are contractual, and the majority
   retained. We work at the personal side of things too, consequently
   we’ve never lost a client.

   “We have been working with LIFE now for over a year, and have been
   delighted with their performance, as well as how they have seamlessly
   integrated into the brand teams and broader organisation. We appointed
   LIFE as their willingness to challenge our perceptions and thinking
   really resonated with the senior team here, and some great activity has
   been activated as a result”.
   Ali Pickering, Brand Director, Molson Coors Brewing Company

   “When LIFE responded to our brief, we were not only impressed with the
   creativity of the ideas, but also how they were rooted in true consumer
   insights and translated into a clear strategy. This combination of
   creativity, strategy and insight ensured the award winning activity we
   created engaged our consumers and delivered against our objectives.”
   Graham Taylor, UK Marketing Controller, Beiersdorf

   “My objective is to drive pace and change into Nestlé’s UK Marketing. I
   have appointed LIFE because their attitude and approach suits my remit.
   They understand what it takes to get the difficult and critical stuff
   done.”
   Vernon Bradley, Marketing Director, Nestlé UK

   “The LIFE Team blend a deep category & industry understanding with a
   rich level of strategic thinking into our planning cycle, across our
   Shopper and Brand teams. They have immersed themselves in understanding
   the GSK marketing framework and proactively seek to find new ways to
   shift consumer behaviours. We see them as an integral member of the
   ‘team’ and benefit from challenging ourselves collectively. Brilliant
   people to work with and top-notch creative concepts.”
   Susanne Judd, Marketing Controller, GSK

   “They get what we are trying to do with the category and with our
   brands and bring a real understanding of retail and of FMCG… They are
   not frightened to challenge our thinking and introduce new ideas which
   helps us make our business better, a rare combination in an agency
   partner”.
   James Mills, European Category Leadership Director, MARS Foods
   Tweets by @LIFEagency
     *
     *
     *

     *
     *
     *

   BIRMINGHAM
   LONDON

   We’re growing quickly and currently looking to fill the roles below.
   Account Director
   Birmingham
   Account Manager
   Birmingham
   Account Executive
   Birmingham
   Mid-weight Creative Artworker
   Birmingham

   If you don’t see the right role above, why not drop us a line anyway as
   we’re always on the look out for great people.
   iwantajob@lifeagency.co.uk
   [_gaq.push(['_trackEvent', 'About PDF', 'About PDF opened']);]
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   [_gaq.push(['_trackEvent', 'About PDF', 'About PDF opened']);]
   LIFE Birmingham
     * 45 Frederick St
     * Birmingham
     * B1 3HN
     * 0121 200 7200

   [birmingham-1.jpg] [birmingham-2.jpg]
   LIFE London
     * 222 Regent Street
     * London
     * W1B 5TR
     * 0203 402 2662

   [london-1.jpg] [london-2.jpg]

   Tired of the typical commsagencywankspeak? Give us a call, we’ll try
   and straighten things out. Contact Ian Humphris on 0121 200 7200 /
   07788 727 381 ian.h@lifeagency.co.uk
   Terms & Conditions Privacy Policy Client Login Copyright © 2015 Life
   Agency
<file=27>
<file=28 
<file=29>
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Welcome to Canada Life

   Our vision is to be a world-class financial services provider,
   delivering exceptional customer value, and helping people achieve more
   through the excellence and integrity of our people.

   We specialise in offering investment, estate planning, retirement and
   protection solutions for onshore and offshore markets. You have the
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   Canada Life Limited, registered in England no. 973271. Registered
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                                                         ID4343, June 2015
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Guide Building for Life 12

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   Home › Knowledge & resources › Guide › Building for Life 12
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Building for Life 12: The sign of a good place to live

   Guide
   20/09/2012
   Download PDF

Inside you will find

     * An overview of Building for Life 12
     * Our vision for new housing
     * Creating great places to live – the argument

This will interest

     * Local communities
     * Local authorities
     * Developers

   Building for Life 12 (BfL 12) is the industry standard for the design
   of new housing developments.

   Cabe firmly believes that housing should be attractive, functional and
   sustainable – this guide presents how this can be achieved.

Frequently Asked Questions

Who published this guide?

   This guide was published by the Building for Life partnership of: Cabe
   at the Design Council, the Home Builders Federation and Design for
   Homes with the assistance of Nottingham Trent University (the inside
   cover of the guide contains a full list of authors, editors and
   contributors). It is based on the new National Planning Policy
   Framework and the Government’s commitment to build more homes, better
   homes and involve local communities in planning.

Who can use the new set of BfL 12 questions?

   The questions are available for use by anyone who has an interest in
   new homes and neighbourhoods. From developers to community groups to
   local authorities, Building for Life 12 aims to help people create
   better places to live.

Is there still a scoring system?

   A well designed scheme will perform well against all 12 of the new
   questions and the performance will be determined using a traffic light
   system of green, amber and red.

How does the traffic light system work?

   Details are provided within the BfL 12 Guide. In brief:
     * Green shows the question has been addressed
     * Red elements identify aspects of proposals that need to be changed
     * Amber is used where there is clear evidence of local constraints on
       the scheme that prevent it from achieving a green

Who decides what is a green, amber, or red outcome for each question?

   That depends of the purpose of the design conversation. BfL 12 is
   designed to be used at all stages of the development process, guiding
   design related discussions with the local community, local authority
   and other stakeholders. Through this process, all parties should
   understand what needs to be done in local circumstances to achieve as
   many green lights as possible, minimise ambers and avoid reds. Any
   ambers and reds should be identified early so that a suitable design
   solution can be found where possible.

   Applicants should show evidence of how their development performs
   against each question, justifying either a green or amber outcome. Any
   ambers should be those where sub-optimal solutions are unavoidable
   because of the particular circumstances of the scheme beyond the
   control of the applicant.

   It’s important that applicants score their schemes robustly.

   The purpose of the new questions is to enable a conversation about the
   design of new schemes between the applicant and the local planning
   authority and thereby arrive at a mutually supported result using BfL
   12.

Is there more guidance for using the questions?

   The Building for Life partnership have taken on board a wide range of
   suggested improvements to ensure the questions are clear and
   unambiguous. Each question has supplementary information and pointers
   on how to approach an assessment. Training programmes developed by a
   range of providers may provide further material to help understand
   urban design principles and the specific issues underpinning each
   question.

What’s happened to Gold and Silver standards?

   The partners will no longer award or reference gold or silver
   standards. However schemes that secure 12 greens will be eligible to
   apply for the Built for Life commendation.

Who can commission a BfL 12 assessment?

   BfL 12 is designed to be used by anyone with an interest in development
   to frame conversations about good design. There is not a cadre of
   individual who has a right to complete an assessment. However, we
   recommend that to fully understand BfL 12 and how it has been designed
   to be used, those undertaking assessments should access the training
   opportunities available.

If a developer commissions or undertakes a BfL 12 assessment what status does
it have?

   A developer that commissions or undertakes an assessment will have a
   document that could be used to support the design quality of an
   application. However, these should be reviewed by local authorities.

Can a local authority claim its interpretation of the traffic light system
would prevail over a developer’s view?

   If BfL 12 is used at the start of the process, there should be broad
   agreement at the outset as to how each question will be approached. Any
   issues, i.e. reds and ambers should be highlighted early and resolved.
   In turn, this should avoid fundamental disagreements at a later stage.

How are you going to ensure consistency across the many users of BfL with the
new questions?

   Consistency was a key issue raised in relation to the 2008 version of
   BfL. The BfL partners designed BfL 12 with a series of more detailed
   recommendations on how to address each question to better support those
   who use it. This in turn is expected to ensure a higher degree of
   consistency.

Why are there 12 questions when there were 20 before?

   Some of the questions from the previous version have been
   consolidated, these questions referred to the same design feature or
   principle and were creating confusion. For example in the old version
   of BfL there were two questions both referring to the relationship
   between streets and buildings (questions 10 and 11), whereas now there
   is one (question 7).

   We have removed some questions which the Build consultations
   demonstrated created problems and uncertainties rather than supporting
   a constructive dialogue. Current government policies are less
   prescriptive than previously and so other questions invite discussion
   rather than requiring compliance. We also believe that the traffic
   lights approach to measuring success in meeting the 12 principles will
   highlight any ‘cherry-picking’ i.e. failing to meet some principles
   altogether.

Why are there no questions on the qualities of the home itself?

   BfL12 is very clearly focused on promoting quality in urban design for
   new residential developments. This has always been BfL’s primary
   emphasis. In the absence of national space standards for new homes,
   experience suggested that the questions relating to the internal
   qualities of the home were largely ineffective and proved difficult to
   apply.

Who can carry out and assessment and can you tell me who they are?

   Building for Life has been designed to be used by anybody to ensure
   good design within a scheme, there is no list of authorised assessors.
   Please suggest to your design team to use the Building for Life 12
   publication to assess your scheme.

Is there a pro forma that should be used to complete the assessment?

   There is no set pro forma, please create your own document, using the
   12 questions in Building for Life 12, which will work for you.

BfL 12 Rationale

Why is there a new set of Building for Life questions?

   BfL needs to be fit for purpose: relevant and helpful to users and
   up-to-date to with changes in the surrounding political and economic
   environment. This latest version of BfL is the third refresh since it
   was first launched in 2003. The previous version of BfL (that BfL12
   replaces) was launched in 2008.

   In 2010 CABE commissioned a review of BfL, looking at how BfL was being
   used in practice. Cabe assessed an extensive sample set of completed
   BfL assessments from across the country. This recommended a need both
   to update the questions and to provide additional guidance on how to
   interpret questions to ensure consistency and improve scheme design at
   an early stage. In May 2011 Cabe completed an online survey of the
   Accredited Assessor Network reaching over 200 assessors. This also
   pointed to significant issues with some of the existing questions.

   Since 2010 there has been also been a significant change in the
   planning environment with the introduction of the National Planning
   Policy Framework, the Localism Act and the removal of the requirement
   for reporting on housing quality in Annual Monitoring Returns to
   central Government.

   Finally the design support landscape has changed. Cabe is now a smaller
   focussed team at the Design Council, now a charity, and is working in
   partnership with a range of organisations across England to deliver
   design support services rather than delivering them directly.

Is there a defined name for the new set of questions to differentiate them
from the old set?

   Yes, ‘Building for Life 12’ or if shortened 'BfL12'.

What is the status of the old set of questions?

   The new 12 questions replace the previous 20 questions, much as the
   2008 version of BfL replaced the original 2003 version.

Has there been input from Building for Life users? Who has tested the new
questions?

   Over the past year the BfL 12 partners have undertaken extensive
   consultation with users and piloted revised questions with local
   authorities on live planning applications. Two extensive online surveys
   in 2011 invited comments on the existing set of questions, and in 2012
   on a draft of the new questions, seeking the views and suggestions of
   over 200 BfL users. Through this process we continued to refine and
   improve the questions before arriving at the final version.

Planning Policy

We refer to Building for Life in our adopted planning policy: can we use the
new questions?

   You can continue to reference BfL in planning policy but local planning
   authorities should consider whether they need to amend the wording of
   their existing policies to reference the new set of questions. This
   will depend on the way individual policies are worded as authorities
   have referenced BfL in different ways.

   If the wording of the existing planning policy simply references BfL it
   may be acceptable to leave it. But if the policy references the 20
   questions, or mentions a minimum score, it will be necessary to amend
   the policy to refer specifically to BfL 12  if the new questions are to
   be used.

We refer to BfL in our adopted planning policy and require a minimum score
under the old 20 questions. How do we work with the new questions?

   BfL12 is not designed to be used for “scoring”. If an authority wants
   to change to reference the new questions they should make an amendment
   to their planning policy to make clear what they require. For example,
   that there are no ‘reds’ or as many “greens” as possible.

Can we keep using the old 20 questions?

   It is up to local authorities to decide how best to secure good design
   locally. However, parts of the previous questions may no longer be
   appropriate where government policy has changed. We also believe BfL12
   will facilitate community engagement and consultation more effectively.
   We suggest that widespread adoption of the new version will be in the
   best interests of supporting professional staff and the development
   industry who in many cases work across local authority boundaries.
   Whichever version local authorities choose to use, we recommend that
   local authorities make clear to applicants which version they use, i.e.
   ‘Building for Life 12’ or ‘Building for Life (2008 version)’.

Will we have to rewrite our planning policy?

   If the wording of the existing planning policy simply references BfL it
   may be acceptable to leave it. But if the policy references the 20
   questions, or mentions a minimum score, it will be necessary to amend
   the policy to refer specifically to BfL 12 if the new questions are to
   be used.

Do you know the lifespan of the new questions? We are writing a local plan
and don’t want to keep changing it.

   Whilst this is the third version of BfL since its launch in 2003, in
   2008 only minor changes were made, so the original version arguably had
   a lifespan of 11 years. Whilst we cannot anticipate future changes to
   the planning system, we hope that this current version, which refers to
   general principles of good design, will have a lifespan of at least 7
   to 10 years.

Accredited Assessors

I was an accredited assessor for the previous BfL questions. What is my
status going forward?

   Accredited Assessor status relates to the previous BfL questions. It
   ceased on 20 September 2012.

How do I become an accredited assessor for the new BfL 12 questions?

   We will not be continuing the Accredited Assessor Network. So there is
   no “accredited” status with regard to the new questions. You can
   however go on a training course in the new questions and consider
   applying to become a BfL 12 expert if you qualify.

I describe myself as a BfL accredited assessor. Must I stop describing myself
as this?

   The status ceased to exist on 20 September therefore the term is not be
   recognised beyond this date.

Can I describe myself as a ‘BfL12 Questions’ assessor? What happens if
there’s a disagreement, whose view is final?

   As part of the launch, we are encouraging the use of BfL 12 as a
   collaborative dialogue, with the 12 questions used at the start of and
   throughout the development and consultation process. We hope that
   rather than ‘assessor’ and ‘applicant’ there will be a move towards a
   constructive design team approach, involving the local community,
   developer and local authority.

   The emphasis is very much on everyone working together to help build
   more homes and better homes.

Awards

Will there be a Building for Life 12 awards scheme?

   The new Built for Life commendation is now available. Developers will
   be able to apply for from from 3 April 2014 onwards on behalf
   of schemes that achieve 12 greens.
   The Built for Life commendation replaces the previous Building for Life
   Diamond.

Contact

   For more information please contact:

Brian Quinn, Cabe Advisor

   Email: brian.quinn@designcouncil.org.uk Tel: +44 (0)20 7420 5269

Built environment services

   Cabe at Design Council can help you plan and design high quality,
   inclusive public spaces.
   Find out more

News & opinion View more News & opinion

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   Link to Infrastructure Infrastructure

Knowledge & resources View more Knowledge & resources

   Link to Housing Housing
   Report — 01/01/2010

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   Link to Housing Housing
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   Link to Housing Housing
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Building better homes for our old age

   Link to Housing Housing
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   Link to Infrastructure Infrastructure
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Creating safe places to live through design

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   Thierry Henry Thierry Henry

Wenger - You have to dedicate your life

   Arsène Wenger has warned Thierry Henry that he will have to dedicate
   his life if he wants to become a top-class manager.

   The club’s all-time record goalscorer announced this week that he is
   leaving New York Red Bulls, although he has not indicated what his next
   move will be.

   Amid speculation about his protégé’s future, Wenger noted that it can
   take time to make the transition from playing to coaching.

     In this job, it's a dedication of your life. You have to realise
     there is nothing else than that.
     Arsène Wenger

   “It's a different job, but it's dedication,” the Arsenal manager said.
   “In this job, it's a dedication of your life. You have to realise there
   is nothing else than that.

   “If you look around me [for] people who have worked without
   interruption for 30 years in this job, you will not find many.

   “[Thierry] has to choose what he wants to do after his [playing]
   career.”

   Wenger also said Henry deserves a one-off friendly for France as a
   farewell.

   “I think that is the minimum the French federation can do,” he said.
   “After what happened with Ireland in the qualifiers, the situation was
   not handled too well by the federation.

   “I don’t think the feeling between Henry and the federation was good at
   the time and I think they owe him that. I hope he will get that, and
   get the honour he deserves.”
   Copyright 2015 The Arsenal Football Club plc. Permission to use
   quotations from this article is granted subject to appropriate credit
   being given to www.arsenal.com as the source Rob Kelly 2 Dec 2014

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